Introduction to Neural Physiology

Question 1

Who were the two scientists listed in the lecture notes who had theories about the nervous system?

Answer 1

Camillo Golgi and Ramon y Cajal

Question 2

What theory did Camillo Golgi come up with?

Answer 2

The Reticular theory

Question 3

What theory did Ramon y Cajal come up with?

Answer 3

The Cell (neuronal) theory

Question 4

What is the reticular theory?

Answer 4

That everything in the nervous system is a single continuous network

Question 5

What is the cell (neuronal theory)?

Answer 5

That all nerve cells are individual

Question 6

What did Cajal receive the nobel prize for?

Answer 6

Theory brains are made of cells

specialised for information processing

Question 7

Cajal stated neurones are separate cells connected at

Answer 7

synaptic junctions

Question 8

What did Cajal conclude about neurons and direction?

Answer 8

They are directional.
They are polarised.
Information passes in one direction, from input region (dendrites) to output (axon terminals)

Question 9

How many main parts can the nervous system be divided into?

Answer 9

5

Question 10

What are the five main parts of the nervous system?

Answer 10

The central nervous system - brain and spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system - somatic, autonomic and enteric

Question 11

What is the input for a neurone?

Answer 11

dendrite

Question 12

what is the output for a neurone?

Answer 12

axon

Question 13

what is the direction of the electrical impulse?

Answer 13

from the cell body to the end bouton

Question 14

What are the three functions of all neurons?

Answer 14

receive and integrate receiving signals
conduct the signal along the neuron
transmit the signal to other cells

Question 15

Neurons differ in their ability to receive incoming signals because there are

Answer 15

different receptors, e.g. light

Question 16

Neurones differ in their mechanism of

Answer 16

signal conduction

Question 17

neurons differ in synaptic transmission

Answer 17

some are chemical, some are electrical

Question 18

what are the three functional classes of neuron?

Answer 18

sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons

Question 19

what are afferent neurons and what do they do?

Answer 19

sensory - conduct action potentials towards the cns

Question 20

what are efferent neurons and what do they do?

Answer 20

motor - conduct action potentials from to cns to the organs

Question 21

what are interneurons?

Answer 21

conduct action potentials between neurons in the cns

Question 22

there are many structural classes of

Answer 22

neurons

Question 23

List the structural classes of neurons

Answer 23

multipolar
bipolar
unipolar

Question 24

multipolar neurons have

Answer 24

many dendrites and one axon

Question 25

bipolar neurons have

Answer 25

one dendrite (may be branched) and one axon

Question 26

unipolar neurons have

Answer 26

a single process extending from the cell body - may split to form afferent and efferent branches

Question 27

What type of cell accounts for 90% of all the cells in the nervous system?

Answer 27

Glial cells

Question 28

Glial cells do not generate or conduct

Answer 28

action potentials

Question 29

glial cells do not form synapses with

Answer 29

neurons

Question 30

glial cells take up and release

Answer 30

neurotransmitters

Question 31

what is the main function of glial cells?

Answer 31

to support the functioning of neurons structurally and metabolically

Question 32

glial cells surround neurons and

Answer 32

hold them in place

Question 33

glial cells supply neurons with

Answer 33

oxygen and nutrients

Question 34

glial cells insulate one

Answer 34

neuron from another

Question 35

glial cells destroy pathogens and remove

Answer 35

dead neurons

Question 36

what are the five main types of glial cells?

Answer 36

``` schwann cell oligodendrocytes astrocyte microglia ependymal cells ```

Question 37

where are the schwann cells found?

Answer 37

in the pns

Question 38

where are schwann cells found?

Answer 38

on sensory and motor neurones

Question 39

what is the function of schwann cells

Answer 39

aid in conduction | regeneration and regrowth

Question 40

where are oligodendrocytes found?

Answer 40

In the cns

Question 41

what is the function of oligodendrocytes?

Answer 41

surround and support multiple neurones, provide insulation

Question 42

What type of glial cell is the most abundant?

Answer 42

astrocytes

Question 43

how do astrocytes repair the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 43

by phagocytosis - produce scar tissue

Question 44

what is the function of astrocytes?

Answer 44

physical support, nutrient supply, maintain environmental chemical composition - ions/neurotransmitters and remove debris

Question 45

what is the function of microglia?

Answer 45

macrophages - immune defence

Question 46

where are ependymal cells derived from?

Answer 46

epithelial cells

Question 47

why are many of the ependymal cells ciliated?

Answer 47

to enable movement of CSF

Question 48

where are ependymal cells found?

Answer 48

lined along the fluid filled ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal column

Question 49

which type of glial cell forms the CSF fluid and assists its circulation?

Answer 49

ependymal cells

Question 50

What are the six major devisions of the mammalian cns?

Answer 50

``` cerebrum thalamus and hypothalamus midbrain pons and cerebellum medulla spinal cord ```

Question 51

function of the corpus callosum

Answer 51

interconnects the two hemispheres

Question 52

function of the cerebellum?

Answer 52

motor controls and some cognitive functions e.g. attention, language and emotion, e.g. fear

Question 53

function of the thalamus

Answer 53

major site for processing sensory info

Question 54

function of hypothalamus

Answer 54

regulation of endocrine system via pituitary

Question 55

what is the medulla oblongata

Answer 55

the lower half of the brainstem

Question 56

where are the cranial nerves attached

Answer 56

to the ventral surface of the brain

Question 57

function of cranial nerves?

Answer 57

motor and sensory functions of head and neck some contribute to parasympathetic division of ANS

Question 58

list the cranial nerves

Answer 58

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

Question 59

the vertebrate central nervous system is encased in

Answer 59

bone

Question 60

the vertebrate central nervous system is surrounded by

Answer 60

meninges

Question 61

describe the surroundings of the brain , meninges and bone wise

Answer 61

skin, periosteum, cranium, dura matter, arachnoid matter and pia matter

Question 62

the dorsal side of the spinal cord what input

Answer 62

sensory input

Question 63

the ventral side of the spinal cord has what output

Answer 63

motor output

Question 64

where do interneuron and motor neuron cell bodies lie?

Answer 64

in the grey matter of the spinal cord

Question 65

where do the sensory cell bodies lie?

Answer 65

outside the spinal cord in chains of ganglia