Reproduction

Question 1

What are the three main parts making up the reproductive system

Answer 1

the gonads, the reproductive tract and the accessory sex glands

Question 2

what is a reproductive tract

Answer 2

ducts that transport/house gametes

Question 3

what are accessory sex glands

Answer 3

supportive secretions for gametes

Question 4

what are primary reproductive organs and how do they exist

Answer 4

gonads and they exist in pairs

Question 5

what are the two functions of the gonads

Answer 5

to produce gametes by gametogenesis and to secrete sex hormones

Question 6

what are the male gonads called

Answer 6

the testes

Question 7

what is the function of the male gonads called the testes

Answer 7

to produce sperm and androgens

Question 8

what are the female gonads called

Answer 8

the ovaries

Question 9

what is the function of the female gonads

Answer 9

to produce ova, oestrogen and progesterone

Question 10

name a organ other than the gonads that also produces sex hormones

Answer 10

the adrenal gland- the cortex part

Question 11

what sex hormone does the adrenal gland produce

Answer 11

dehydroepiandostrone (dhea)

Question 12

what are all steroid hormones derived from

Answer 12

from cholesterol

Question 13

how are steroid hormones produced

Answer 13

through a series of enzymatic reactions

Question 14

each steroidogenic organ has specific enzymes in order to produce

Answer 14

specific hormones

Question 15

the male hormone testosterone can have both reproductive and non reproductive actions, list three reproductive actions of testosterone

Answer 15

secondary sexual characteristics, growth and maturation of the system and spermatogenesis

Question 16

the male hormone testosterone can have both reproductive and non reproductive actions, list three non reproductive actions of testosterone

Answer 16

libido at puberty, protein anabolic effect and bone growth at puberty

Question 17

what are the two female gonadal hormones

Answer 17

oestrogen and progesterone

Question 18

the female gonadal hormones can have both reproductive and non-reproductive actions, list five reproductive actions of the female gonadal hormones

Answer 18

secondary sexual characteristics, growth and maintenance of the reproductive tract, oogenesis, specific actions during pregnancy and parturition

Question 19

the female gonadal hormones can have both reproductive and non reproductive actions, list two non reproductive actions of the female gonadal hormones

Answer 19

increase in fat deposition and an increase in bone density

Question 20

what controls the secretion of the gonadal hormones

Answer 20

fsh and lh

Question 21

what does the follicle stimulating hormone do in females

Answer 21

ovarian follicular development and oestrogen secretion

Question 22

what does the follicle stimulating hormone play a role in in males

Answer 22

sperm production

Question 23

what is lh involved in in females (3 points)

Answer 23

ovulation, luteinization and the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone

Question 24

what is lh involved in in males

Answer 24

testosterone secretion

Question 25

where is the location of the testes

Answer 25

in the scrotum, outside of the body, cooler temperature ideal for spermatogenesis

Question 26

what is the role of the seminiferous tubules

Answer 26

the site of sperm production via spermatogenesis

Question 27

where are the sertoli cells found

Answer 27

within the seminiferous tubules in the testes

Question 28

what is the function of the sertoli cells

Answer 28

to support sperm development

Question 29

what hormone do sertoli cells secrete and what is the role of this hormone

Answer 29

they secrete inhibin which inhibits FSH

Question 30

where are leydig cells found

Answer 30

between the seminiferous tubules within the testes

Question 31

what is the function of the leydig cells

Answer 31

to secrete testosterone stimulated by lh

Question 32

what is the role of lutenising hormone in spermatogenesis

Answer 32

lh stimulates testosterone secretion, testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis

Question 33

what is the role of fsh in spermatogenesis

Answer 33

fsh stimualtes spermatogenesis

Question 34

what does testosterone do in spermatogenesis exactly

Answer 34

testosterone stimulates mitotic and meiotic divisions, you get undifferentiated diploid germ cells called spermatogonia and undifferentiated haploid spermatids

Question 35

what does fsh do in spermatogenesis exactly

Answer 35

remodels spermatids to highly specialised motile spermatozoa

Question 36

how long does the process of spermatogenesis take

Answer 36

64days in biomedical physiology notes. 64-72 days - tissue biology

Question 37

what does a spermatogonium turn into

Answer 37

a primary spermatocyte

Question 38

what does a primary spermatocyte turn into

Answer 38

secondary spermatocyte

Question 39

what does a secondary spermatocyte turn into

Answer 39

a spermatid

Question 40

what does a spermatid turn into

Answer 40

a mature spermatazoa after undergoing packaging

Question 41

where in spermatogenesis does meiosis 1 take place

Answer 41

when the primary spermatocyte divides into the secondary spermatocyte

Question 42

where in spermatogenesis does meiosis 2 take place

Answer 42

when the secondary spermatocyte divides into the spermatids

Question 43

what does kisspeptin signalling directly allow the secreition of from the hypothalamus

Answer 43

GnRH

Question 44

in which part of the hypothalamus do the kiss1 neurones exist

Answer 44

in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 45

what do the kiss1 neurones release

Answer 45

kisspeptin

Question 46

what does gnrh regulate

Answer 46

the release of lh and fsh from the anterior pituitary gland

Question 47

list three functions of kisspeptin signalling

Answer 47

regulation of GnRH, initiating puberty and normal reproductive function

Question 48

the sertoli cell is able to secrete inhibin to selectively inhibit the secretion of what fro the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 48

fsh secretion

Question 49

the leydig cells can secrete testosterone to selectively inhibit what secretion from the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 49

lh secretion

Question 50

the testosterone produced by the leydig cells can selectively inhibit lh secretion from the anterior pituitary gland. what else can it inhibit

Answer 50

the leydig cells producing the testosterone can result in the kiss 1 neurons producing less kisspeptin, producing less gnrh, producing less lh and fsh

Question 51

oogenesis is for the production of

Answer 51

ova

Question 52

list the four functions of oestrogen

Answer 52

ova maturation and release, development of female sex characteristics, transport of sperm, breast development

Question 53

list two functions of progesterone

Answer 53

prepares environment to nourish developing embryo/foetus, breast gains the ability to produce milk

Question 54

in the ovarian cycle, how long does the menstrual phase last

Answer 54

1-5 days

Question 55

what happens during the proliferative phase

Answer 55

the lining builds

Question 56

when does ovulation take place, which day

Answer 56

day 14

Question 57

when does the secretory phase occur, which days

Answer 57

days 15-28

Question 58

what happens in the follicular phase

Answer 58

maturing follicles are present , y

Question 59

what happens in the luteal phase

Answer 59

the presence of the corpus luteum

Question 60

what days is the follicular phase taking place

Answer 60

day 0-14

Question 61

what days is the luteal phase taking place

Answer 61

14-28

Question 62

what is taking place in the follicular phase

Answer 62

oogenesis

Question 63

what secretion is taking place in the follicular phase

Answer 63

oestrogen

Question 64

which three hormones are controlling the follicular phase of the cycle

Answer 64

fsh, lh and oestrogen

Question 65

what happens in ovulation

Answer 65

the maturing follicle releases the ovum

Question 66

what triggers the maturing follice to release the ovum during ovulation on day 14

Answer 66

triggered by a surge in LH

Question 67

what hormone is in high levels in the ovulation phase

Answer 67

oestrogen

Question 68

in the luteal phase what does the lh convert into what

Answer 68

lh converts empty follicle into the corpus leteum

Question 69

which two hormones does the corpus luteum produce

Answer 69

oestrogen and progesteron

Question 70

describe what happens if the ovum is fertilised

Answer 70

the corpus luteum prepares the uterus for implantation

Question 71

explain what happens if the ovum is not fertilised

Answer 71

the corpus luteum degenerates, no hormonal support for the uterine lining so the endometrium disintegrates resulting in menstruation

Question 72

where are lh and fsh secreted from

Answer 72

the anterior pituitary gland

Question 73

where is oestrogen secreted from

Answer 73

from the follicle first and then from the corpus luteum

Question 74

where is progesterone secreted from

Answer 74

from the corpus luteum

Question 75

when does the placenta develop

Answer 75

post implantation

Question 76

what is the placenta and what is it composed of

Answer 76

endocrine organ of pregnancy, maternal and foetal tissue

Question 77

what are the two functions of the placenta

Answer 77

exchange of maternal and foetal blood, the secretion of hormones

Question 78

list the three main hormones secreted by the placenta

Answer 78

HCG, oestrogen, progesterone

Question 79

what does HCG stand for

Answer 79

human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 80

list the two functions of HCG

Answer 80

1. maintains cl of pregnancy | 2. stimulates secretion of testosterone - developing testes in xy embryos

Question 81

list two functions of oestrogen produced by the placenta

Answer 81

stimulates growth of myometrium, promotes development of ducts in mammary glands for lactation

Question 82

progesterone supresses

Answer 82

uterine contractions to prevent miscarriage

Question 83

progesterone promotes the formation of a

Answer 83

cervical mucus plug

Question 84

progesterone stimulates the development of what to aid in lactation

Answer 84

milk glands for lactation

Question 85

progesterone prevents ovulation by the inhibition of which hormones

Answer 85

inhibits GnRH, lh and fsh - prevents LH surge, stops ovulation occurring again

Question 86

other than progesterone, oestrogen and hcg, list three other placental hormones

Answer 86

human chorionic somatomammotropin, relaxin and placental PTHrp

Question 87

what is the function of the placental hormone human chorionic somatomammotropin

Answer 87

Its structure and function are similar to those of human growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus.

Question 88

what is the function of the placental hormone relaxin

Answer 88

Relaxin is a hormone produced by the ovary and the placenta with important effects in the female reproductive system and during pregnancy. In preparation for childbirth, it relaxes the ligaments in the pelvis and softens and widens the cervix

Question 89

what is the function of the placental hormone PTHrp

Answer 89

PTHrP is an important regulator of fetal blood calcium , for bones basicallyyyy

Question 90

what does PTHrp stand for

Answer 90

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide

Question 91

focusing in on the hormonal changes during pregnancy, what does the placenta secrete in the first trimester

Answer 91

secretes HCG

Question 92

what does the corpus luteum secrete during the first trimester of pregnancy

Answer 92

oestrogen and progesterone

Question 93

what does the placenta secrete in the second and third trimester of pregnancy

Answer 93

oestrogen, progesterone

Question 94

where is the oestrogen from the third trimester of pregnancy synthesised

Answer 94

from the DHEA in the foetus

Question 95

which hormone softens the cervix and loosens connective tissue

Answer 95

relaxin

Question 96

which hormone stimulates the growth of the myometrium

Answer 96

oestrogen

Question 97

which hormone maintains the cl of pregnancy

Answer 97

hcg

Question 98

which hormone supresses uterine contractions

Answer 98

progesterone

Question 99

which hormone stimulates the secretion of teststeone

Answer 99

hcg

Question 100

the exact trigger for the initiation of paturation is unknown so there are four theories, what are they

Answer 100

1. high levels of oestrogen, 2. oxytocin 3. CRH from placenta 4. inflammation

Question 101

high levels of oestrogen is a theory of parturition, what three things occur when there are high levels of oestrogen

Answer 101

1. promote synthesis of connexons 2. more myometrial receptors for ozytocin 3. promote production of local prostaglandins

Question 102

one theory involves myometrial responsiveness reaching critical threshold to which hormone

Answer 102

oxytocin

Question 103

what actually happens when the myometrial responsiveness to oxytocin reaches a critical threshold

Answer 103

it permits the onset of strong, coordinated contractions for labor

Question 104

what does crh stand for

Answer 104

corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 105

where is the corticotropin releasing hormone released from in parturition

Answer 105

secreted from the fetal portion of the placenta into both the maternal and fetal circulations

Question 106

where is crh normally secreted from

Answer 106

Recall that CRH is normally secreted by the hypothala- mus and regulates the output of ACTH by the anterior pituitary. In turn, ACTH stimulates production of both cortisol and DHEA by the adrenal cortex.

Question 107

what is the function of crh is parturition

Answer 107

regulates timing of parturition and promotes lung maturation

Question 108

once theory initiation parturition is inflammation, what must be activated for the inflammatory response to proceed and induce labor

Answer 108

Key to this inflammatory response is activation of nuclear factor 􏰐B (NF-􏰐B) in the uterus.

Question 109

what does nuclear factor b result in the release of

Answer 109

inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins

Question 110

give an example of positive feedback

Answer 110

parturition

Question 111

describe how positive feedback occurs in parturition

Answer 111

increased uterine contractions, increased pressure on uterus wall by fetus, messages sent to brain (neuroendocrine reflex) to increase oxytocin secretion, oxytocin increases prostaglandin production and oxytocin itself increases uterine contrations,