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Biomedical Physiology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main parts making up the reproductive system

A

the gonads, the reproductive tract and the accessory sex glands

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2
Q

what is a reproductive tract

A

ducts that transport/house gametes

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3
Q

what are accessory sex glands

A

supportive secretions for gametes

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4
Q

what are primary reproductive organs and how do they exist

A

gonads and they exist in pairs

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5
Q

what are the two functions of the gonads

A

to produce gametes by gametogenesis and to secrete sex hormones

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6
Q

what are the male gonads called

A

the testes

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7
Q

what is the function of the male gonads called the testes

A

to produce sperm and androgens

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8
Q

what are the female gonads called

A

the ovaries

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9
Q

what is the function of the female gonads

A

to produce ova, oestrogen and progesterone

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10
Q

name a organ other than the gonads that also produces sex hormones

A

the adrenal gland- the cortex part

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11
Q

what sex hormone does the adrenal gland produce

A

dehydroepiandostrone (dhea)

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12
Q

what are all steroid hormones derived from

A

from cholesterol

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13
Q

how are steroid hormones produced

A

through a series of enzymatic reactions

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14
Q

each steroidogenic organ has specific enzymes in order to produce

A

specific hormones

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15
Q

the male hormone testosterone can have both reproductive and non reproductive actions, list three reproductive actions of testosterone

A

secondary sexual characteristics, growth and maturation of the system and spermatogenesis

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16
Q

the male hormone testosterone can have both reproductive and non reproductive actions, list three non reproductive actions of testosterone

A

libido at puberty, protein anabolic effect and bone growth at puberty

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17
Q

what are the two female gonadal hormones

A

oestrogen and progesterone

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18
Q

the female gonadal hormones can have both reproductive and non-reproductive actions, list five reproductive actions of the female gonadal hormones

A

secondary sexual characteristics, growth and maintenance of the reproductive tract, oogenesis, specific actions during pregnancy and parturition

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19
Q

the female gonadal hormones can have both reproductive and non reproductive actions, list two non reproductive actions of the female gonadal hormones

A

increase in fat deposition and an increase in bone density

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20
Q

what controls the secretion of the gonadal hormones

A

fsh and lh

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21
Q

what does the follicle stimulating hormone do in females

A

ovarian follicular development and oestrogen secretion

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22
Q

what does the follicle stimulating hormone play a role in in males

A

sperm production

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23
Q

what is lh involved in in females (3 points)

A

ovulation, luteinization and the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone

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24
Q

what is lh involved in in males

A

testosterone secretion

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25
Q

where is the location of the testes

A

in the scrotum, outside of the body, cooler temperature ideal for spermatogenesis

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26
Q

what is the role of the seminiferous tubules

A

the site of sperm production via spermatogenesis

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27
Q

where are the sertoli cells found

A

within the seminiferous tubules in the testes

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28
Q

what is the function of the sertoli cells

A

to support sperm development

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29
Q

what hormone do sertoli cells secrete and what is the role of this hormone

A

they secrete inhibin which inhibits FSH

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30
Q

where are leydig cells found

A

between the seminiferous tubules within the testes

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31
Q

what is the function of the leydig cells

A

to secrete testosterone stimulated by lh

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32
Q

what is the role of lutenising hormone in spermatogenesis

A

lh stimulates testosterone secretion, testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis

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33
Q

what is the role of fsh in spermatogenesis

A

fsh stimualtes spermatogenesis

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34
Q

what does testosterone do in spermatogenesis exactly

A

testosterone stimulates mitotic and meiotic divisions, you get undifferentiated diploid germ cells called spermatogonia and undifferentiated haploid spermatids

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35
Q

what does fsh do in spermatogenesis exactly

A

remodels spermatids to highly specialised motile spermatozoa

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36
Q

how long does the process of spermatogenesis take

A

64days in biomedical physiology notes. 64-72 days - tissue biology

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37
Q

what does a spermatogonium turn into

A

a primary spermatocyte

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38
Q

what does a primary spermatocyte turn into

A

secondary spermatocyte

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39
Q

what does a secondary spermatocyte turn into

A

a spermatid

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40
Q

what does a spermatid turn into

A

a mature spermatazoa after undergoing packaging

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41
Q

where in spermatogenesis does meiosis 1 take place

A

when the primary spermatocyte divides into the secondary spermatocyte

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42
Q

where in spermatogenesis does meiosis 2 take place

A

when the secondary spermatocyte divides into the spermatids

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43
Q

what does kisspeptin signalling directly allow the secreition of from the hypothalamus

A

GnRH

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44
Q

in which part of the hypothalamus do the kiss1 neurones exist

A

in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

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45
Q

what do the kiss1 neurones release

A

kisspeptin

46
Q

what does gnrh regulate

A

the release of lh and fsh from the anterior pituitary gland

47
Q

list three functions of kisspeptin signalling

A

regulation of GnRH, initiating puberty and normal reproductive function

48
Q

the sertoli cell is able to secrete inhibin to selectively inhibit the secretion of what fro the anterior pituitary gland

A

fsh secretion

49
Q

the leydig cells can secrete testosterone to selectively inhibit what secretion from the anterior pituitary gland

A

lh secretion

50
Q

the testosterone produced by the leydig cells can selectively inhibit lh secretion from the anterior pituitary gland. what else can it inhibit

A

the leydig cells producing the testosterone can result in the kiss 1 neurons producing less kisspeptin, producing less gnrh, producing less lh and fsh

51
Q

oogenesis is for the production of

A

ova

52
Q

list the four functions of oestrogen

A

ova maturation and release, development of female sex characteristics, transport of sperm, breast development

53
Q

list two functions of progesterone

A

prepares environment to nourish developing embryo/foetus, breast gains the ability to produce milk

54
Q

in the ovarian cycle, how long does the menstrual phase last

A

1-5 days

55
Q

what happens during the proliferative phase

A

the lining builds

56
Q

when does ovulation take place, which day

A

day 14

57
Q

when does the secretory phase occur, which days

A

days 15-28

58
Q

what happens in the follicular phase

A

maturing follicles are present , y

59
Q

what happens in the luteal phase

A

the presence of the corpus luteum

60
Q

what days is the follicular phase taking place

A

day 0-14

61
Q

what days is the luteal phase taking place

A

14-28

62
Q

what is taking place in the follicular phase

A

oogenesis

63
Q

what secretion is taking place in the follicular phase

A

oestrogen

64
Q

which three hormones are controlling the follicular phase of the cycle

A

fsh, lh and oestrogen

65
Q

what happens in ovulation

A

the maturing follicle releases the ovum

66
Q

what triggers the maturing follice to release the ovum during ovulation on day 14

A

triggered by a surge in LH

67
Q

what hormone is in high levels in the ovulation phase

A

oestrogen

68
Q

in the luteal phase what does the lh convert into what

A

lh converts empty follicle into the corpus leteum

69
Q

which two hormones does the corpus luteum produce

A

oestrogen and progesteron

70
Q

describe what happens if the ovum is fertilised

A

the corpus luteum prepares the uterus for implantation

71
Q

explain what happens if the ovum is not fertilised

A

the corpus luteum degenerates, no hormonal support for the uterine lining so the endometrium disintegrates resulting in menstruation

72
Q

where are lh and fsh secreted from

A

the anterior pituitary gland

73
Q

where is oestrogen secreted from

A

from the follicle first and then from the corpus luteum

74
Q

where is progesterone secreted from

A

from the corpus luteum

75
Q

when does the placenta develop

A

post implantation

76
Q

what is the placenta and what is it composed of

A

endocrine organ of pregnancy, maternal and foetal tissue

77
Q

what are the two functions of the placenta

A

exchange of maternal and foetal blood, the secretion of hormones

78
Q

list the three main hormones secreted by the placenta

A

HCG, oestrogen, progesterone

79
Q

what does HCG stand for

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

80
Q

list the two functions of HCG

A
  1. maintains cl of pregnancy

2. stimulates secretion of testosterone - developing testes in xy embryos

81
Q

list two functions of oestrogen produced by the placenta

A

stimulates growth of myometrium, promotes development of ducts in mammary glands for lactation

82
Q

progesterone supresses

A

uterine contractions to prevent miscarriage

83
Q

progesterone promotes the formation of a

A

cervical mucus plug

84
Q

progesterone stimulates the development of what to aid in lactation

A

milk glands for lactation

85
Q

progesterone prevents ovulation by the inhibition of which hormones

A

inhibits GnRH, lh and fsh - prevents LH surge, stops ovulation occurring again

86
Q

other than progesterone, oestrogen and hcg, list three other placental hormones

A

human chorionic somatomammotropin, relaxin and placental PTHrp

87
Q

what is the function of the placental hormone human chorionic somatomammotropin

A

Its structure and function are similar to those of human growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus.

88
Q

what is the function of the placental hormone relaxin

A

Relaxin is a hormone produced by the ovary and the placenta with important effects in the female reproductive system and during pregnancy. In preparation for childbirth, it relaxes the ligaments in the pelvis and softens and widens the cervix

89
Q

what is the function of the placental hormone PTHrp

A

PTHrP is an important regulator of fetal blood calcium , for bones basicallyyyy

90
Q

what does PTHrp stand for

A

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide

91
Q

focusing in on the hormonal changes during pregnancy, what does the placenta secrete in the first trimester

A

secretes HCG

92
Q

what does the corpus luteum secrete during the first trimester of pregnancy

A

oestrogen and progesterone

93
Q

what does the placenta secrete in the second and third trimester of pregnancy

A

oestrogen, progesterone

94
Q

where is the oestrogen from the third trimester of pregnancy synthesised

A

from the DHEA in the foetus

95
Q

which hormone softens the cervix and loosens connective tissue

A

relaxin

96
Q

which hormone stimulates the growth of the myometrium

A

oestrogen

97
Q

which hormone maintains the cl of pregnancy

A

hcg

98
Q

which hormone supresses uterine contractions

A

progesterone

99
Q

which hormone stimulates the secretion of teststeone

A

hcg

100
Q

the exact trigger for the initiation of paturation is unknown so there are four theories, what are they

A
  1. high levels of oestrogen, 2. oxytocin 3. CRH from placenta 4. inflammation
101
Q

high levels of oestrogen is a theory of parturition, what three things occur when there are high levels of oestrogen

A
  1. promote synthesis of connexons
  2. more myometrial receptors for ozytocin
  3. promote production of local prostaglandins
102
Q

one theory involves myometrial responsiveness reaching critical threshold to which hormone

A

oxytocin

103
Q

what actually happens when the myometrial responsiveness to oxytocin reaches a critical threshold

A

it permits the onset of strong, coordinated contractions for labor

104
Q

what does crh stand for

A

corticotropin releasing hormone

105
Q

where is the corticotropin releasing hormone released from in parturition

A

secreted from the fetal portion of the placenta into both the maternal and fetal circulations

106
Q

where is crh normally secreted from

A

Recall that CRH is normally secreted by the hypothala- mus and regulates the output of ACTH by the anterior pituitary. In turn, ACTH stimulates production of both cortisol and DHEA by the adrenal cortex.

107
Q

what is the function of crh is parturition

A

regulates timing of parturition and promotes lung maturation

108
Q

once theory initiation parturition is inflammation, what must be activated for the inflammatory response to proceed and induce labor

A

Key to this inflammatory response is activation of nuclear factor 􏰐B (NF-􏰐B) in the uterus.

109
Q

what does nuclear factor b result in the release of

A

inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins

110
Q

give an example of positive feedback

A

parturition

111
Q

describe how positive feedback occurs in parturition

A

increased uterine contractions, increased pressure on uterus wall by fetus, messages sent to brain (neuroendocrine reflex) to increase oxytocin secretion, oxytocin increases prostaglandin production and oxytocin itself increases uterine contrations,

Biomedical Physiology (19 decks)

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