The Endocrine System

Question 1

The endocrine system consists of multiple organs that secrete ____ directly into the bloodstream to control body processes and maintain ____, the state in which the body’s hormones and nutrient levels are balanced.

Answer 1

hormones; homeostasis

Question 2

Hormones then travel through the bloodstream and bind to ____ on their target, triggering a response by the target tissue.

Answer 2

receptors

Question 3

____ are fat soluble and can pass freely through the plasma membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell. They induce changes in cellular gene expression, so their effects are longer lasting.

Answer 3

steroid hormones

Question 4

____ are water soluble and bind to receptors on the surface of target cells. They induce a signaling cascade that leads to a rapid, but short-lived, response.

Answer 4

peptide hormones

Question 5

The body maintains homeostasis through a variety of feedback loops. In ____, the response to a deviation will lead to a larger response. These are very rare and often lead to large physiological changes, such as delivery of a baby.

Answer 5

positive feedback

Question 6

Most feedback loops operate under ____, a process in which a deviation from normal is detected, a response is made, and the response alleviates need for further action to address the deviation.

Answer 6

negative feedback

Question 7

The master regulatory gland of the endocrine system is the ____, which is located in the brain under the thalamus. It serves as the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system by releasing hormones that control other endocrine glands in response to different stimuli.

Answer 7

hypothalamus

Question 8

The master regulatory gland of the endocrine system is the ____, which is located in the brain under the thalamus. It serves as the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system by releasing hormones that control other endocrine glands in response to different stimuli.

Answer 8

hypothalamus

Question 9

____ induces water reabsorption in the kidney.

Answer 9

vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)

Question 10

____ stimulates uterine contractions during labor.

Answer 10

oxytocin

Question 11

The anterior pituitary releases both ____, which stimulate a response directly at a target organ, and ____, which induce hormone release by other glands.

Answer 11

direct hormones; tropic hormones

Question 12

The anterior pituitary releases how many hormones?

Answer 12

7

Question 13

___ In females, induces the maturation of an ovarian follicle; in males; stimulates spermatogenesis.

Answer 13

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

Question 14

____ In females, induces ovulation; in males; stimulates testosterone production.

Answer 14

LH (luteinizing hormone)

Question 15

____ Stimulates the adrenal glands to release hormones.

Answer 15

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Question 16

____ Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones.

Answer 16

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

Question 17

____ Induces milk production at the mammary glands in females.

Answer 17

Prolactin

Question 18

____ Inhibit the perception of pain.

Answer 18

Endorphins

Question 19

____ Induces growth of the body and increases metabolic rate.

Answer 19

Growth hormone

Question 20

The pineal gland, located in the center of the brain, secretes ____ to regulate sleep cycles. The release of this is governed by light-dark cycles. Supplements of which are readily available at drugstores and can be used to induce sleep.

Answer 20

melatonin

Question 21

The parathyroid gland releases ____ in response to low blood calcium. It induces the breakdown of bone to ____ blood calcium levels.

Answer 21

parathyroid hormone; increase

Question 22

The thyroid gland, upon stimulation by ___, will absorb iodine and produce ____ (i.e. T3 and T4) to regulate metabolic rate.

Answer 22

TSH; thyroid hormones

Question 23

The thyroid also releases ____ in response to high blood calcium levels and induces the storage of calcium in bone. It “tones down” blood calcium.

Answer 23

calcitonin

Question 24

The thyroid also releases ____ in response to high blood calcium levels and induces the storage of calcium in bone. It “tones down” blood calcium.

Answer 24

calcitonin

Question 25

The ___ is responsible for regulating blood glucose levels. It releases 2 main hormones: insulin and glucagon.

Answer 25

pancreas

Question 26

____ is released in response to high blood glucose. It induces the storage of glucose in glycogen and stimulates glucose uptake by cells.

Answer 26

Insulin

Question 27

____ is released in response to low blood glucose. It induces the release of glucose from glycogen stores and gluconeogenesis. A mnemonic for remembering its function is that it is released when the “glucose is gone.”

Answer 27

Glucagon

Question 28

The adrenal medulla secretes ____, which induces the “fight or flight” response.

Answer 28

epinephrine

Question 29

The adrenal cortex secretes hormones that regulate salt and sugar balance in the body, including the hormone ____, which regulates salt balance.

Answer 29

aldosterone