Human Anatomy & Physiology: Overview

Question 1

? These are either free-floating in the cytoplasm or associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. They are composed of both rRNA and protein and translate mRNA into cellular proteins.

Answer 1

ribosomes

Function: protein synthesis

Question 2

? This is contiguous with the nuclear membrane. It is studded with ribosomes and is the site of translation for membrane-bound or secreted proteins. It’s also the site of protein folding and modification.

Answer 2

rough ER

Function: protein translation

Question 3

? This is the site of protein sorting and packaging. Can be thought of as the cell’s “post office.” Proteins also go undergo posttranslational modification as they transit through this.

Answer 3

Golgi apparatus

Function: protein sorting and modification

Question 4

? This is the substructure of the nucleus. It transcribes rRNA and combines ribosomal proteins to create the large and small ribosomal subunits.

Answer 4

nucleolus

Function: ribosome assembly

Question 5

? These are acidic compartments that contain hydrolytic enzymes and are responsible for breaking down cellular waste. They also play a role in the cellular defense against pathogens and apoptosis.

Answer 5

lysosomes

Function: waste breakdown

Question 6

? The main powerhouse of the cell, producing ATP through aerobic respiration. They have a double membrane, a small circular genome, and their own ribosomes.

Answer 6

mitochondria

Function: energy production

Question 7

? These components organize the microtubules of the cell. The centrioles, a substructure, assemble the mitotic spindle during cell division.

Answer 7

centrosome

Function: cell organization

Question 8

? This is contiguous with the nuclear membrane and produces lipids, phospholipids, and steroids. It also detoxifies metabolic by-products as well as alcohol and drugs. In muscle cells, it functions as a storage site for calcium.

Answer 8

smooth ER

Function: detoxification and lipid synthesis

Question 9

? These are cellular proportions that can beat to enable movement or serve to increase cell surface area to maximize absorption.

Answer 9

Cilia

Function: locomotion

Question 10

Cells working together to form a specific function form a what ?

Answer 10

Tissue

Question 11

How many tissue types are there in the body?

Answer 11

4

Tip for remembering: cemn - c (connective), e (epithelial), m (muscular) & n (nervous)

Question 12

? This tissue type provides structure for the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Nerves are made up of specialized cells called neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body.

Answer 12

Nervous

Question 13

? This tissue type is found throughout the body; it serves to connect and support different structures of the body. It commonly has its own blood supply. Various types include bone, cartilage, adipose (fat), and blood vessel.

Answer 13

Connective

Question 14

? This tissue type is dedicated to producing movement. There are 3 types of it: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

Answer 14

Muscular

Question 15

? This tissue type serves 2 functions. It can provide covering (like skin tissue) or produce secretions (like glandular tissue). It commonly exists in sheets and does not have its own blood supply. Subsequently, it is dependent on diffusion from nearby capillaries for food and oxygen.

Answer 15

Epithelial

Question 16

How many main organ systems are there in the body?

Answer 16

10

Question 17

? This organ system takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

Answer 17

Respiratory (nose, throat and lungs)

Question 18

? This organ system moves blood throughout the body to enable nutrient delivery to and waste removal from tissues.

Answer 18

Circulatory (heart and blood vessels)

Question 19

? This organ system breaks down foods into nutrients that can be absorbed.

Answer 19

Digestive (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine)

Question 20

? This organ system protects internal organs, creates blood cells, and provides a framework for muscle.

Answer 20

Skeletal (bones)

Question 21

? This organ system protects the body from foreign pathogens.

Answer 21

Immune (spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes)

Question 22

? This organ system receives and processes stimuli, transmits information, and controls bodily functions.

Answer 22

Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves)

Question 23

? This organ system produces and secretes hormones to control bodily processes, including glucose regulation, sleep cycles, and gametogenesis.

Answer 23

Endocrine (hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal glands, thyroid, testes, ovaries, pancreas)

Question 24

? This organ system enables movement of the body.

Answer 24

Muscular (muscle)

Question 25

? This organ system filters blood and eliminates waste through urine.

Answer 25

Urinary (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra)

Question 26

? This organ system produces gametes and facilitates fertilization.

Answer 26

Reproductive (Males: testes, penis); (Females: ovaries, uterus, vagina)

Question 27

? This plane runs horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom halves; also called the axial plane or horizontal plane.

Answer 27

Transverse plane

Question 28

? This plane runs vertically and separates the body into front and back halves.

Answer 28

Coronal plane

Question 29

? This plane runs vertically and separates the body into left and right halves. The left-right division is in relation to the body, not the view looking at the body from the front. i.e. your right hand is on the right side of your body.

Answer 29

Sagittal plane