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Human Anatomy And Physiology > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system

A

Influences metabolic activity by means of hormones transported in the blood
It acts with the nervous system to coordinate and integrate body activities
Responses slower but longer lasting than nervous system repsonses

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2
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers secreted by ductless glands directly into the bloodstream to have an effect elsewhere in the body at its target tissue

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3
Q

Endocrinology

A

Study of hormones and endocrine organs

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4
Q

What does the endocrine system control and integrate?

A

Reproduction
Growth and development
Maintenance of electrolyte, water and nutrient balance of blood
Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
Mobilisation of body defenses

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5
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Released by axon terminals into synaptic junctions and act locally to control never cell functions

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6
Q

Endocrine hormones

A

Released into the blood and affect target cells at another location in the body

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7
Q

Neuroendocrine hormones

A

Secreted by neurons into the blood and affect target cells at another location

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8
Q

Paracrines

A

Secreted by cells into the extra cellular fluid and affect neighbouring target cells

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9
Q

Autocrines

A

Secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect the function of the same cells that produced them

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10
Q

Cytokines

A

Peptides secreted into the extracellular fluid and can function as paracrines, autocrines, or endocrine hormones

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11
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Produces non-hormonal substances, such as swear and saliva, and have ducts that carry these substances to a membrane surface

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12
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Known as ductless glands
Procures hormones and lack ducts
Release their hormones into the surrounding tissue fluid and typically have a rich vascular and lymphatic drainage that receives their hormones

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13
Q

How are the hormone producing cells in endocrine glands arranged?

A

Arranged in cords and branching networks, which maximises contact between them and the surrounding capillaries

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14
Q

What are included in the endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal glands

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15
Q

What is considered a neuroendocrine organ?

A

Hypothalamus, along with its neural functions as it produces and releases hormones

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16
Q

What contains endocrine tissue?

A

Pancreas
Gonads (ovaries, testes)
Placenta

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17
Q

Water solubility in hormones

A

Affects:
how the hormone is transported in the blood
How long it lasts before it is degraded
What receptors can act upon it

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18
Q

What are hormones classified as?

A

Amino acid based or steroids

19
Q

Amino acid based hormones

A

They are water soluble and cannot cross the plasma membrane
Molecular size varies widely from simple amino acid derivates to peptides to proteins

20
Q

What is considered as simple amino acid derivates?

A

Biogenic amines (epinephrine and thyroxine)

21
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Synthesised from cholesterol
Lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane

22
Q

Which hormones are steroid based?

A

Gonadal
Adrenocortical

23
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Include leukotrienes and prostaglandins
Nearly all cell membranes release these biologically active lipids made from arachidonic acid

24
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Signalling chemicals that mediate inflammation and some allergic reactions

25
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Have multiple targets and effects, ranging from raising blood pressure and increasing the expulsive uterine contractions of birth to enhancing blood clotting, pain and inflammation

26
Q

What do eicosanoids act as?

A

Paracrines and autocrines
Because the effects of them are typically highly localised, affecting only nearby cells, influencing distant targets

27
Q

Target cells

A

Cells that have receptors for the specific hormone
Hormones alter target cell activity

28
Q

Water soluble hormones

A

All amino acid based hormones except thyroid hormone
Act on plasma membrane receptors
Act via G protein second messengers
Cannot enter cell

29
Q

Lipid soluble hormones

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones
Act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes
Can enter cell

30
Q

What changes can hormones produce?

A

Alters plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential, or both by opening or closing ion channels
Stimulates synthesis of enzymes and other proteins within the cell
Activates or deactivates enzymes
Induces secretory activity
Stimulates mitosis

31
Q

Second messenger systems

A

Amino acid based hormones except thyroid hormone, exert second messenger systems
There are two types: Cyclic AMP and PIP2-Calcium

32
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Tiny, yellow-brown glands embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid
Contains parathyroid cells that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), or parathormone

33
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
Secreted in response to low blood levels of Ca2+
Inhibited by rising levels of Ca2+
Target organs are skeleton, kidneys and intestine

34
Q

Parathyroid gland location

A
35
Q

Low blood Ca2+

A

Hypocalcemia

36
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Due to parathyroid gland tumour
Calcium leaches from bones, causing them to soften and deform
Elevated Ca2+ depresses nervous system and contributes to formation of kidney stones

37
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Following gland trauma or removal can cause hypocalcaemia
Results in tetany, respiratory paralysis, and death

38
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Paired pyramid shaped organs at top of kidneys
Also referees as suprarenal glands

39
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Three layers of cortical cells that synthesise and secrete different corticosteroids
Zona glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids
Zona fasciculata- glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis- gonadocorticoids

40
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Neural tissue that is part of sympathetic nervous system

41
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid
Stimulates sodium ions reabsorption by kidneys
Results in increased blood volume and blood pressure
Stimulates potassium ion elimination by kidneys

42
Q

Aldosteronism

A

Hypersecretion usually due to adrenal tumours
Results in 2 major Problems:
Hypertension due to excessive sodium ions reabsorption
Exertion of potassium ions, leading to abnormal non responsive neurons and muscle

43
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Keep blood glucose levels relatively constant
Maintain blood pressure by increasing action of vasoconstrictors
Help us resist stressors

44
Q

Gonadocorticoids (adrenal sex hormones)

A

Weak androgens (male sex hormones) converted to testosterone in tissue cells, some to oestrogens

Human Anatomy And Physiology (5 decks)

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