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Human Anatomy And Physiology > Fundamentals Of The Nervous System And Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Fundamentals Of The Nervous System And Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system

A

Master controlling and communicating system of the body
Cells communicate via electrical and chemical signals which are rapid and specific- immediate responses

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2
Q

Function of nervous system

A

Sensory input
Integration
Motor output

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3
Q

Sensory input

A

info gathered by sensory receptors monitoring changes internally and externally

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4
Q

Integration

A

processes and interprets sensory input, deciding what should be done at each moment

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5
Q

Motor output

A

Activates effector (muscles/glands) to cause a response

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6
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord
Occupy the dorsal body cavity

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7
Q

Function of CNS

A

Control centre of nervous system
Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output based on reflexes, current conditions and past experience

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8
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia
Part of the nervous system outside the CNS

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9
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

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10
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Carry impulses to and from the brain

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11
Q

What are the functional subdivision of PNS?

A

Sensory (after ent) division
Motor (efferent) division

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12
Q

Sensory division

A

Consists of nerve fibres that convey impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors located throughout the body
Keeps CNS constantly informed of events going on both inside and outside of body

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13
Q

Visceral organs

A

Organs within the ventral body cavity

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14
Q

Somatic sensory fibres

A

Convey impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles and joints

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15
Q

Visceral sensory fibres

A

Transmit impulses from the visceral organs

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16
Q

Motor division

A

Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs (muscle/glands)
These impulses activates muscles to contract and glands to secrete

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17
Q

What is the motor division divided into?

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Composed of somatic motor nerve fibres that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
(Voluntary nervous system)

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19
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Consists of visceral motor nerve fibres that regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands
(Involuntary nervous system)

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20
Q

What are the functional subdivisions of ANS?

A

Sympathetic Division
Parasympathetic division

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21
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Mobilises body systems during activity

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22
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Conserves energy
Promotes house keeping functions during rest

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23
Q

What cell types do nervous tissue contain?

A

Neuroglia (glial cells)
Neurons (nerve cells)

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24
Q

Neuroglia

A

Small cells that’s surround and wrap the more delicate neurons

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25
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells that’s are excitable and transmit electrical signals

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26
Q

How many types of neuroglia are there?

A

6
4 in CNS
2 in PNS

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27
Q

What are the neuroglia in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells
Oligondendrocytes

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28
Q

Astrocytes

A

Most abundant and versatile glial cells
Cling to neurons and their synaptic endings and capillaries

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29
Q

Function of Astrocytes

A

Support and brace neurons
Play role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons
Guide migration on young neurons
Control chemical environment around neurons
Respond to nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
Influence neuronal functioning
Participate in information processing in brain

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30
Q

Microglial cells

A

Small and ovoid with long ‘thorny’ processes that touch and monitor neurons
They migrate towards injured neurons
Can transform to phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris

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31
Q

Microglial cells

A

Small and ovoid with long ‘thorny’ processes that touch and monitor neurons
They migrate towards injured neurons
Can transform to phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris
Defensive cells in the CNS

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32
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Range in shape from squamous to columnar, many ciliated
Line the central cavities of brain and spinal cord, where they form a permeable barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid

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33
Q

Oligondendrocytes

A

Branched but have fewer processes than Astrocytes
Line up along the thinker nerve fibres in CNS and wrap their processes tightly around the fibres, producing myelin sheath

34
Q

What are the neuroglia in PNS?

A

Satellite cells
Schwann cells

35
Q

Satellite cells

A

Surround neuron cell bodies located in PNS
Similar function to Astrocytes

36
Q

Schwann cells

A

Also called neurolemmocytes
Surround all nerve fibres in PNS and form myelin sheaths around the thicker nerve fibres
Function similar to oligodendrocytes
Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibres

37
Q

Neurons (nerve cells)

A

Structural units of nervous system
Large, highly specialised cells that conduct messages in the form of nerve impulses from one part of the body to another

38
Q

What are the characteristics of neurons?

A

Extreme longevity- given good nutrition, can function for a lifetime
Amitotic- lose their ability to divide, but some regions of brain contain stem cells which produce new neurons
High metabolic rate- requires continuous supply oxygen and glucose

39
Q

Neuron cell body

A

Also known as soma/perikaryon
Consists of spherical nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
The plasma membrane of the cell body acts as part of the receptive region that receives information from other neurons
Cell body is the biosynthetic Center and metabolic Center of a neuron
Most cell bodies located in CNS, where are protected by the bones of the skill and vertebral column

40
Q

What structures do neuron cell body contain?

A

Mitochondria
Protein
Cytoskeletal elements- microtubules and neurofibrils
Pigment inclusions- black melanin, lipofuscin

41
Q

What is the name for clusters of cell bodies in the CNS?

A

Nuclei

42
Q

What is the name for clusters of cell bodies in the PNS?

A

Ganglia

43
Q

Neuron processes

A

Arm like processes extend from the cell body of all neurons
CNS contain both neuron cell bodies and their processes
PNS consists of neuron processes whose cell bodies are in the CNS

44
Q

What are the types of neuron processes?

A

Dendrites
Axons

45
Q

Dendrites of motor neurons

A

Short, tapering, diffusely branching extensions
They are the main receptive/input region
Provide a large surface area for receiving signals from other neurons
Convey incoming messages toward the cell body

46
Q

Axon structure

A

Arises from a cone shaped area of the cell body called axon hillock
Initial segment of axon narrows to form a slender process that is uniform in diameter for the rest of its length

47
Q

What is a long axon called?

A

Nerve fibre

48
Q

Nucleus

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

49
Q

Ganglion

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

50
Q

Tract

A

A bundle of axons in the CNS

51
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of axons in the PNS

52
Q

what is the function of axon?

A

its the conducting region of the neuron
generates nerve impulses and transmits them, away from cell body along axolemma

53
Q

Axonal Transport

A

Axons have efficient internal transport mechanisms
molecules and organelles are moved along axons by motor proteins and cytoskeletal elements
movement occurs in two directions: anterograde + Retrograde

54
Q

Anterograde movement

A

movement away cell body
substances moved in this direction- mitochondria, cytoskeletal elements, membrane components, enzymes

55
Q

Retrograde movement

A

movement toward the cell body
substances moved in this direction- mostly organelles returning to the cell body to be degraded or recycled, vesicles containing signal molecules

56
Q

what is responsible for axonal transport?

A

a single basic bidirectional transport mechanism
uses different ATP dependent motor proteins ( Kinesin/ dynein)
these proteins propel cellular components alone the microtubules

57
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

composed of myelin, white protein-lipid substance

58
Q

function of myelin

A

protects and electrically insulates fibres
increases the transmission speed of nerve impulses

59
Q

difference between myelinated and non- myelinated fibres?

A

myelinated- conduct nerve impulses rapidly
non- myelinated - conduct nerve impulses more slowly

60
Q

Myelination in the PNS

A

a Schwann cell envelops an axon
the swchann cell then rotates around the axon, wrapping its plasma membrane loosely around it in successive layers
the Swann cell cytoplasm is forced from between the membranes
the tight membrane wrappings surrounding the axon form the myelin sheath

61
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

myelin sheath gaps
adjacent swchann cells do not touch one another, so are gas in the sheath
occur at regular intervals along a myelinated axon
axon collaterals can emerge here

62
Q

Myelination in CNS

A

CNS contains both myelinated and non- myelinated axons
but oligodendrocytes form myelin sheath in CNS
oligodendrocytes have multiple flat processes that can coil 60 axons at the same time

63
Q

what are the structural classifications of neurons?

A

multipolar neurons
bipolar neurons
unipolar neurons

64
Q

multipolar neurons

A

3 or more processes
one axon and the rest dendrites
major neuron type in CNS

65
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

2 processes
one axon and a dendrite that extend from opposite sides of the cell body
found in retina of eye and in olfactory mucosa

66
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

single short processes that emerge from the cell body
also called pseudounipolar neurons

67
Q

What are the functional classification of neurons?

A

sensory neurons
motor neurons
interneurons

68
Q

Sensory neurons

A

also called afferent neurons
transmit impulses from sensory receptors in internal organs towards CNS
they are unipolar, cell bodies in sensory ganglia outside of CNS

69
Q

Motor neurons

A

also known as efferent neurons
carry impulses away from CNS to effector organs
they are multipolar, cell bodies located in CNS

70
Q

Interneurons

A

also known as association neurons
lie between motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways and shuttle signals through CNS pathways

71
Q

voltage gated channels

A

open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential

72
Q

Chemical gated channels

A

open and close in response to binding of the appropriate neurotransmitter

73
Q

concentration gradient

A

ions move along from high conc area to low conc area

74
Q

electrical gradient

A

ions move toward an area of opposite electrical charge

75
Q

formula for voltage

A

voltage = current x resistance

76
Q

what is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70 mV
(minus indicated that the cytoplasmic side of the membrane is negatively charged relative to the outside)

77
Q

What does generating resting membrane potentials depend on?

A

differences in K+ and Na+ conc inside and outside of cells
differences in permeability of the plasma membrane to these ions

78
Q

How is the resting membrane potential made?

A

K+ loss through abundant leakage channels establishes a negative membrane potential
Na+ entry through a few leakage channels reduces the negative membrane potential slightly
Na+ K+ pumps maintain the conc gradients, resulting in resting membrane potential

79
Q

Depolarisation

A

decrease in membrane potential, inside becomes less negative

80
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

increase in membrane potential, inside becomes more negative than resting potential

Human Anatomy And Physiology (5 decks)

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