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Human Anatomy And Physiology > Fundamentals Of The Nervous System And Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Fundamentals Of The Nervous System And Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system

A

Master controlling and communicating system of the body
Cells communicate via electrical and chemical signals which are rapid and specific- immediate responses

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2
Q

Function of nervous system

A

Sensory input
Integration
Motor output

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3
Q

Sensory input

A

info gathered by sensory receptors monitoring changes internally and externally

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4
Q

Integration

A

processes and interprets sensory input, deciding what should be done at each moment

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5
Q

Motor output

A

Activates effector (muscles/glands) to cause a response

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6
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord
Occupy the dorsal body cavity

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7
Q

Function of CNS

A

Control centre of nervous system
Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output based on reflexes, current conditions and past experience

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8
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia
Part of the nervous system outside the CNS

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9
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

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10
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Carry impulses to and from the brain

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11
Q

What are the functional subdivision of PNS?

A

Sensory (after ent) division
Motor (efferent) division

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12
Q

Sensory division

A

Consists of nerve fibres that convey impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors located throughout the body
Keeps CNS constantly informed of events going on both inside and outside of body

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13
Q

Visceral organs

A

Organs within the ventral body cavity

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14
Q

Somatic sensory fibres

A

Convey impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles and joints

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15
Q

Visceral sensory fibres

A

Transmit impulses from the visceral organs

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16
Q

Motor division

A

Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs (muscle/glands)
These impulses activates muscles to contract and glands to secrete

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17
Q

What is the motor division divided into?

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Composed of somatic motor nerve fibres that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
(Voluntary nervous system)

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19
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Consists of visceral motor nerve fibres that regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands
(Involuntary nervous system)

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20
Q

What are the functional subdivisions of ANS?

A

Sympathetic Division
Parasympathetic division

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21
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Mobilises body systems during activity

22
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Conserves energy
Promotes house keeping functions during rest

23
Q

What cell types do nervous tissue contain?

A

Neuroglia (glial cells)
Neurons (nerve cells)

24
Q

Neuroglia

A

Small cells that’s surround and wrap the more delicate neurons

25
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells that’s are excitable and transmit electrical signals

26
Q

How many types of neuroglia are there?

A

6
4 in CNS
2 in PNS

27
Q

What are the neuroglia in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells
Oligondendrocytes

28
Q

Astrocytes

A

Most abundant and versatile glial cells
Cling to neurons and their synaptic endings and capillaries

29
Q

Function of Astrocytes

A

Support and brace neurons
Play role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons
Guide migration on young neurons
Control chemical environment around neurons
Respond to nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
Influence neuronal functioning
Participate in information processing in brain

30
Q

Microglial cells

A

Small and ovoid with long ‘thorny’ processes that touch and monitor neurons
They migrate towards injured neurons
Can transform to phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris

31
Q

Microglial cells

A

Small and ovoid with long ‘thorny’ processes that touch and monitor neurons
They migrate towards injured neurons
Can transform to phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris
Defensive cells in the CNS

32
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Range in shape from squamous to columnar, many ciliated
Line the central cavities of brain and spinal cord, where they form a permeable barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid

33
Q

Oligondendrocytes

A

Branched but have fewer processes than Astrocytes
Line up along the thinker nerve fibres in CNS and wrap their processes tightly around the fibres, producing myelin sheath

34
Q

What are the neuroglia in PNS?

A

Satellite cells
Schwann cells

35
Q

Satellite cells

A

Surround neuron cell bodies located in PNS
Similar function to Astrocytes

36
Q

Schwann cells

A

Also called neurolemmocytes
Surround all nerve fibres in PNS and form myelin sheaths around the thicker nerve fibres
Function similar to oligodendrocytes
Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibres

37
Q

Neurons (nerve cells)

A

Structural units of nervous system
Large, highly specialised cells that conduct messages in the form of nerve impulses from one part of the body to another

38
Q

What are the characteristics of neurons?

A

Extreme longevity- given good nutrition, can function for a lifetime
Amitotic- lose their ability to divide, but some regions of brain contain stem cells which produce new neurons
High metabolic rate- requires continuous supply oxygen and glucose

39
Q

Neuron cell body

A

Also known as soma/perikaryon
Consists of spherical nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
The plasma membrane of the cell body acts as part of the receptive region that receives information from other neurons
Cell body is the biosynthetic Center and metabolic Center of a neuron
Most cell bodies located in CNS, where are protected by the bones of the skill and vertebral column

40
Q

What structures do neuron cell body contain?

A

Mitochondria
Protein
Cytoskeletal elements- microtubules and neurofibrils
Pigment inclusions- black melanin, lipofuscin

41
Q

What is the name for clusters of cell bodies in the CNS?

A

Nuclei

42
Q

What is the name for clusters of cell bodies in the PNS?

A

Ganglia

43
Q

Neuron processes

A

Arm like processes extend from the cell body of all neurons
CNS contain both neuron cell bodies and their processes
PNS consists of neuron processes whose cell bodies are in the CNS

44
Q

What are the types of neuron processes?

A

Dendrites
Axons

45
Q

Dendrites of motor neurons

A

Short, tapering, diffusely branching extensions
They are the main receptive/input region
Provide a large surface area for receiving signals from other neurons
Convey incoming messages toward the cell body

46
Q

Axon structure

A

Arises from a cone shaped area of the cell body called axon hillock
Initial segment of axon narrows to form a slender process that is uniform in diameter for the rest of its length

47
Q

What is a long axon called?

A

Nerve fiber

48
Q

Nucleus

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

49
Q

Ganglion

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

50
Q

Tract

A

A bundle of axons in the CNS

51
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of axons in the PNS

Human Anatomy And Physiology (5 decks)

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