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Human Anatomy And Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of respiratory system

A

Supply body with oxygen for cellular respiration and dispose carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What are the 4 processes involved with respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation
Gas exchange
Transport
Gas exchange again
Cellular respiration

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3
Q

What’s pulmonary ventilation (respiratory system)

A

Movement of air into and out of lungs

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4
Q

What’s Gas exchange

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood

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5
Q

What’s transport

A

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood

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6
Q

What’s gas exchange in circulatory system

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between systemic blood vessels and tissues

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7
Q

What are the upper airways

A

Nose
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx

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8
Q

What are the lower airways

A

Trachea
2 bronchi

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9
Q

Conducting zone

A

No alveoli
No gas exchange with blood

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10
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Has alveoli
Gas exchange with blood

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11
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Blood-air barrier that’s consists of alveolar and capillary walls along with their fused basement membranes
Very thin

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12
Q

What does alveolar walls consist of

A

Single layer of squamous epithelium
Scattered cuboidal type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant and anti microbial proteins

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13
Q

Features of alveoli

A

Surrounded by fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries
Alveolar pores connect adjacent alveoli
Alveolar macrophages keep alveolar surfaces sterile

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14
Q

Pleurae

A

Thin
Double layered serosal membrane that divided the thoracic cavity into 2 pleural compartments and mediastinum

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15
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Membrane on thoracic wall
Superior face of diaphragm, around heart and between lungs

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16
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Membrane on external lung surface

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17
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

Deliver systemic venous blood from heart to lungs for oxygenation

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18
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Carry oxygenated blood from registration zones back to heart

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19
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Low pressie
High volume system

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20
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Inspiration- gases flow into lungs
Expiration- gases exit lungs

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21
Q

What is 1 atmosphere = to?

A

760 mmHg at sea level

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22
Q

What are respiratory pressures described relative to?

A

Atmospheric pressure (P atm)

23
Q

What is negative respiratory pressure relative to?

A

Less than atmospheric pressure

24
Q

What is positive respiratory pressure relative to?

A

Greater than atmospheric pressure

25
What is zero respiratory pressure relative to?
Equal to atmospheric pressure
26
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
Pressure in the alveoli Also called intra-alveolar pressure Fluctuates with breathing
27
Intrapleural pressure
Pressure in pleural cavity Always a negative pressure 4mmHg Fluid level must be kept at minimum Excess fluid pumped out by lymphatic system
28
Transpulmonary pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure Pressure that keeps lung spaced open Keeps lungs from collapsing The greater transpulmonary pressure, the larger the lungs
29
When will lungs collapse
If: intrapulmonary pressue is = intrapleural pressue Intrapleural pressue = atmospheric pressure
30
What mist be maintained to keep lungs inflated?
Negative intrapleural pressure
31
Boyle’s law
Relationship between pressure and volume of a gas (Pressure varies inversely with volume)
32
Inspiration
Diaphragm contracts, moves inferiorly and flattens out Increase thoracic volume External intercostals contract, rib cage lifted up and out
33
What happens when thoracic cavity volume increases
Lungs stretched as they pulled out with thoracic cage Intrapulmonary pressure drops by 1mmHg Because of difference between atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressure, air flows into lungs down pressure gradient Intrapleural pressure lowers 6mmHg less than atmospheric pressure
34
Expiration
Inspiratory muscles relax Thoracic cavity volume decreases, lungs recoil Intrapulmonary pressure increases to +1mmHg Intrapulmonary greater than atmospheric so air flows out of lungs down pressure gradient until its equal
35
Quiet expiration
Passive process
36
Forced expiration
Active process Uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles And internal intercostal muscles
37
Physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation
Airways resistance Alveolar surface tension Lung compliance
38
Why is resistance in respiratory tree insignificant?
Diameters of airways of airways in first part of conducting zone are huge Progressive branching of airways as they get smaller leads to an increase in total cross-sectional area
39
What happens if airways resistance rises
Breathing movements become more strenuous Severe constriction of bronchioles Can prevent life sustaining ventilation Can occur during acute asthma attacks and stop ventilation Epinephrine dilates bronchioles, reduce air resistance
40
Surfactant
Lipid and protein complex that’s helps reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid Prevents alveolar collapse Produced by type II alveolar cells
41
What happens in there’s insufficient quantity of surfactant in premature infants?
Infant respiratory distress syndrome Results in collapse of alveoli after each breath Treatment: spraying natural/synthetic surfactant into newborns air passages Positive pressue devices also help keep alveoli open begtween breaths Severe cases may require mechanical ventilation
42
Lung compliance
Measure of change in lung volume that’s occurs with given change in transpulmonary pressure
43
Why is lung compliance normally high?
Distensibility of lung tissue Surfactant, which decreases alveolar surface tension Higher lung compliance means easier to expand lungs
44
Anatomical dead space
Does not contribute to gas exchange Consists of air that remnants on passageways 150ml out of 500ml tidal volume
45
Alveolar dead space
Space occupied by nonfunctional alveoli Can be due to collapse or obstruction
46
Total dead space
Sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space
47
External respiration
Diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
48
Internal respiration
Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
49
What are internal and external respiration subject to?
Basic properties of gases Composition of alveolar gas
50
Dalton’s law of partial pressures
Total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is equal to sum of pressures exerted by each gas
51
Partial pressure
Pressure exerted by each gas in mixture Directly proportional to its percentage in mixture
52
Thickness of respiratory membrane
Very thin 0.5-1 micrometer thick Large surface area
53

Human Anatomy And Physiology (10 decks)

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