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Human Anatomy And Physiology > Session 1- Human Body > Flashcards

Session 1- Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy

A

Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

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2
Q

What is physiology

A

Study of the function of body parts, how they work to carry out life sustaining activities

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3
Q

Complementarity of structure and function

A

Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on its specific form known as the principle of complementarity of structure and function

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4
Q

Levels of structural organisation

A

Chemical level- atoms combine to form molecules
Cellular level- cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level- tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level- organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level- organ systems consist of different organs working together closely
Organismal level- human organism is made up of many organ systems

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5
Q

Requirements for life

A

Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth

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6
Q

Maintaining boundaries

A

Separation between internal and external environments must exist
Plasma membranes separate cells
Skin separates organism from environment

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7
Q

Movement

A

Muscular system allows movement of body parts via skeletal muscles, of substances via cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

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8
Q

Responsiveness

A

Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
Withdrawal reflex prevents injury
Control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities

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9
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of ingested food, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
Sum of all catabolism and anabolism

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11
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of wasted from metabolism and digestion
Urea from breakdown of proteins, CO2 from metabolism, faeces from unabsorbed foods

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12
Q

Reproduction

A

At cellular level, involves division of cells for growth or repair
At organismal level, reproduction is the production of offspring

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13
Q

Growth

A

Increase in size of body part or of organism

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14
Q

How many organ systems are there?

A

11

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15
Q

Integumentary system

A

Forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury
Synthesises vitamin D
Houses cutaneous receptors and sweat glands

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16
Q

Skeletal system

A

Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement
Blood cels formed within bones
Bones store minerals

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17
Q

Muscular system

A

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
Maintains posture and produces heat

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18
Q

Nervous system

A

Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

19
Q

Endocrine system

A

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and metabolism by body cells

20
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients, wastes
Heart pumps blood

21
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
Houses lymphocytes involved in immunity
Immune responses mounts the attack against foreign substances within the the body

22
Q

Respiratory system

A

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removed CO2
The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

23
Q

Digestive system

A

Breaks down for into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as faeces

24
Q

Urinary system

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body
Regulates water, electrolyte, acid-base balance of the blood

25
Q

Male reproductive system

A

Production of offspring
Testes produce sperm, male sex hormones
Male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to female reproductive tract

26
Q

Female reproductive system

A

Production of offspring
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilisation and development of the foetus
Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn

27
Q

How do nutrients and waste pass between blood and cells?

A

Via interstitial fluid

28
Q

What do humans need to survive?

A

Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temp
Appropriate atmospheric pressure

29
Q

Why do we need nutrients to survive?

A

Carbs- main source of energy
Proteins- cell building and cell chemistry
Fats- long term energy storage
Minerals and vitamins- involved in chemical reactions as well as structural purposes

30
Q

Why do we need oxygen to survive?

A

Essential for release of energy from foods

31
Q

Why do we need water to survive?

A

Most abundant chemical in body
Provides watery environment needed for chemical reactions

32
Q

Why do we need consistent temp in body?

A

If below or above 37 degrees rates of reactions are affected

33
Q

Why do we need an appropriate pressure to survive?

A

For adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

34
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
Dynamic state of equilibrium, always readjusting as needed

35
Q

Variables

A

Factors that can change
Blood sugar, body temp, blood volume
Control of variables involves receptor, control center, effector

36
Q

Homeostatic controls

A

Body must constantly be monitored and regulated to maintain homeostasis - nervous and endocrine system play a role

37
Q

Receptor

A

Monitors the environment
Responds to stimuli- things that causes changes in controlled variables

38
Q

Control center

A

Determines seat point at which variable is maintained
Receives input from receptor
Determines appropriate response

39
Q

Effector

A

Receives output from control center
Provides the means to respond
Response either reduces stimulus (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus (positive feedback)

40
Q

Negative feedback

A

Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus
Variable changes in opposite direction of initial change
E.g regulation of body temp, regulation of blood glucose by insulin

41
Q

What happens when homeostasis level disrupted?

A

Stimulus produces change in variable
Receptors detect change
Info sent along afferent pathway to control center
Info sent alone efferent pathway to effector
Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level

42
Q

Positive feedback

A

Response enhances the original stimulus
Amplifying effect as feedback causes variable to continue in same direction as initial change
Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment E.g enhancement of labour contractions by oxytocin

43
Q

Homeostasis imbalance

A

Increase risk of disease
Contributes to changes associated with aging
Control systems become less efficient
If negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed, destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over E.g heart failure

Human Anatomy And Physiology (5 decks)

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