Session 2-Human Body Flashcards
Standard anatomical position
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body
Directional terms
Describe one body structure in relation to another
It’s based on standard anatomical position
Righ/left refer to body being viewed from behind
Superior (cranial)
Toward the head end or the body above
E.g head superior to abdomen
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head end or the body below
E.g navel inferior to the chin
Anterior (ventral)
Toward or at the front of the body, in front of
E.g breastbone anterior to spine
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward or at the back of the body, behind
E.g heart posterior to breastbone
Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body, inner side of
E.g heart is medial to arm
Lateral
Away from midline of body, outer side of
E.g arms lateral to the chest
Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
E.g collarbone intermediate between breastbone and shoulder
Proximal
Point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
E.g elbow proximal to wrist
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part
E.g knee distal to thigh
Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body surface
E.g skin superficial to skeletal muscles
Deep (internal)
Away from body surface more internal
E.b lungs deep to skin
What are the major divisions of the body?
Axial
Appendicular
What does axial contain?
Head
Neck
Trunk
What does appendicular contain?
Limbs (legs arms)
Body planes
Surfaces along which body or structured may be cut for anatomical study
3 planes
Sagittal plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
Transverse (horizontal plane)
Sections
Cuts or sections made along a body plane
Named after a plane
Sagittal plane
Divides body vertically into right and left parts
Midsagittal plane
Cut was made on midline
Parasagittal plane
Cut was off-cantered
Frontal plane
Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
Produces a frontal or coronal section
Transverse plane
Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts
Produces a cross section
Oblique section
Results of cuts at angle other than 90 degrees to vertical plane
Body cavities
Provide different degrees of protection to organs within them
2 sets: dorsal body cavity, ventral body cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Protects fragile nervous system
Has two subdivisions- cranial cavity (encases the brain) and vertebral/spinal cavity (encloses the spinal cord)
Both brain and spinal cord covered by membranes called meninges
Ventral body cavity
Has two major subdivisions- thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Houses internal organs collectively called viscera
Thoracic cavity
Surrounded by ribs and muscles of the chest
Further divided into lateral pleural cavities, each enveloping a lung and the medial mediastinum
Mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity, which encloses the heart, also surrounds remaining thoracic organs (oesophagus, trachea)
What does abdominal cavity contain?
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Spleen
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Kidneys
Pelvic bones
Provide limited protection to pelvic cavity
Walls of abdominal cavity
Formed by muscle only, so organs in twigs area are most vulnerable to trauma
Serosa
(Serous membrane)
Thin, double layered membrane that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity
Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls
Visceral serosa covers internal organs
Double layers separated by serous fluid
Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane
Pelvic cavity
Urinary bladder
Reproductive organs
Rectum
What is the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity separated by?
Diaphragm (a dome shaped muscle)
Serous fluid
Allows organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another as they carry out their routine functions
What happened when serous membranes are inflamed?
Become rough
This roughness causes the membranes to stick together and drag across one another - causes excruciating pain= called pleurisy or peritonitis
What division method do medical personnel’s use?
Use a transverse and a median plane to pass through the umbilicus at right angles
4 quadrants- right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower
What division method do anatomists use?
Use two transverse and two parasagittal planes
The superior transverse plane is just inferior to the ribs
Inferior transverse plane is superior to the hip bones
The parasagittal planes lie just medial to the nipples
Gives 9 abdominopelvic regions
What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions
Umbilical region
Epigastric region
Pubic (hypogastric region)
Right inguinal (iliac) region
Left inguinal (iliac region
Right lateral (lumbar) region
Left lateral (lumbar region
Right hypochondriac region
Left hypochondriac region
Umbilical region
Center most region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)
Epigastric region
Located superior to the umbilical region
Pubic region
Located inferior to the umbilical region
Right/left inguinal regions
Located lateral to the hypogastric region
Right/left lateral regions
Lie lateral to the umbilical region
Right/left hypochondriac regions
Lie lateral to the Epigastric region and deep to the ribs
What are the other small cavities?
Oral and digestive cavities
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavity
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities
Oral and digestive cavities
Oral cavity, known as moth contains teeth tongue
Digestive cavity contains digestive organs which opens to the body exterior at the anus
Nasal cavity
Located within and posterior to the nose
Part of the repertory system passageways
Orbital cavities
In the skull
Houses the eyes and present them in an anterior position
Middle ear cavity
In the skull
Lie medial to the eardrums
Contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears
Synovial cavities
Joint cavities
Enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joint of the body
E.g serous membrane
