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Human Anatomy And Physiology > Session 2-Human Body > Flashcards

Session 2-Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Standard anatomical position

A

Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body

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2
Q

Directional terms

A

Describe one body structure in relation to another
It’s based on standard anatomical position
Righ/left refer to body being viewed from behind

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3
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

Toward the head end or the body above
E.g head superior to abdomen

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4
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Away from the head end or the body below
E.g navel inferior to the chin

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5
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Toward or at the front of the body, in front of
E.g breastbone anterior to spine

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6
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Toward or at the back of the body, behind
E.g heart posterior to breastbone

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7
Q

Medial

A

Toward or at the midline of the body, inner side of
E.g heart is medial to arm

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8
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline of body, outer side of
E.g arms lateral to the chest

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9
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
E.g collarbone intermediate between breastbone and shoulder

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10
Q

Proximal

A

Point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
E.g elbow proximal to wrist

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11
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the origin of a body part
E.g knee distal to thigh

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12
Q

Superficial (external)

A

Toward or at the body surface
E.g skin superficial to skeletal muscles

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13
Q

Deep (internal)

A

Away from body surface more internal
E.b lungs deep to skin

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14
Q

What are the major divisions of the body?

A

Axial
Appendicular

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15
Q

What does axial contain?

A

Head
Neck
Trunk

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16
Q

What does appendicular contain?

A

Limbs (legs arms)

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17
Q

Body planes

A

Surfaces along which body or structured may be cut for anatomical study

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18
Q

3 planes

A

Sagittal plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
Transverse (horizontal plane)

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19
Q

Sections

A

Cuts or sections made along a body plane
Named after a plane

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20
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides body vertically into right and left parts

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21
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

Cut was made on midline

22
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

Cut was off-cantered

23
Q

Frontal plane

A

Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
Produces a frontal or coronal section

24
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts
Produces a cross section

25
Oblique section
Results of cuts at angle other than 90 degrees to vertical plane
26
Body cavities
Provide different degrees of protection to organs within them 2 sets: dorsal body cavity, ventral body cavity
27
Dorsal body cavity
Protects fragile nervous system Has two subdivisions- cranial cavity (encases the brain) and vertebral/spinal cavity (encloses the spinal cord) Both brain and spinal cord covered by membranes called meninges
28
Ventral body cavity
Has two major subdivisions- thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity Houses internal organs collectively called viscera
29
Thoracic cavity
Surrounded by ribs and muscles of the chest Further divided into lateral pleural cavities, each enveloping a lung and the medial mediastinum Mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity, which encloses the heart, also surrounds remaining thoracic organs (oesophagus, trachea)
30
What does abdominal cavity contain?
Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver Spleen Gallbladder Pancreas Kidneys
31
Pelvic bones
Provide limited protection to pelvic cavity
32
Walls of abdominal cavity
Formed by muscle only, so organs in twigs area are most vulnerable to trauma
33
Serosa (Serous membrane)
Thin, double layered membrane that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls Visceral serosa covers internal organs Double layers separated by serous fluid Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane
34
Pelvic cavity
Urinary bladder Reproductive organs Rectum
35
What is the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity separated by?
Diaphragm (a dome shaped muscle)
36
Serous fluid
Allows organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another as they carry out their routine functions
37
What happened when serous membranes are inflamed?
Become rough This roughness causes the membranes to stick together and drag across one another - causes excruciating pain= called pleurisy or peritonitis
38
What division method do medical personnel’s use?
Use a transverse and a median plane to pass through the umbilicus at right angles 4 quadrants- right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower
39
What division method do anatomists use?
Use two transverse and two parasagittal planes The superior transverse plane is just inferior to the ribs Inferior transverse plane is superior to the hip bones The parasagittal planes lie just medial to the nipples Gives 9 abdominopelvic regions
40
What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions
Umbilical region Epigastric region Pubic (hypogastric region) Right inguinal (iliac) region Left inguinal (iliac region Right lateral (lumbar) region Left lateral (lumbar region Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region
41
Umbilical region
Center most region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)
42
Epigastric region
Located superior to the umbilical region
43
Pubic region
Located inferior to the umbilical region
44
Right/left inguinal regions
Located lateral to the hypogastric region
45
Right/left lateral regions
Lie lateral to the umbilical region
46
Right/left hypochondriac regions
Lie lateral to the Epigastric region and deep to the ribs
47
What are the other small cavities?
Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavity Orbital cavity Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities
48
Oral and digestive cavities
Oral cavity, known as moth contains teeth tongue Digestive cavity contains digestive organs which opens to the body exterior at the anus
49
Nasal cavity
Located within and posterior to the nose Part of the repertory system passageways
50
Orbital cavities
In the skull Houses the eyes and present them in an anterior position
51
Middle ear cavity
In the skull Lie medial to the eardrums Contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears
52
Synovial cavities
Joint cavities Enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joint of the body E.g serous membrane

Human Anatomy And Physiology (10 decks)

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