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Human Anatomy And Physiology > Session 2-Human Body > Flashcards

Session 2-Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Standard anatomical position

A

Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body

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2
Q

Directional terms

A

Describe one body structure in relation to another
It’s based on standard anatomical position
Righ/left refer to body being viewed from behind

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3
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

Toward the head end or the body above
E.g head superior to abdomen

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4
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Away from the head end or the body below
E.g navel inferior to the chin

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5
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Toward or at the front of the body, in front of
E.g breastbone anterior to spine

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6
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Toward or at the back of the body, behind
E.g heart posterior to breastbone

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7
Q

Medial

A

Toward or at the midline of the body, inner side of
E.g heart is medial to arm

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8
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline of body, outer side of
E.g arms lateral to the chest

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9
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
E.g collarbone intermediate between breastbone and shoulder

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10
Q

Proximal

A

Point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
E.g elbow proximal to wrist

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11
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the origin of a body part
E.g knee distal to thigh

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12
Q

Superficial (external)

A

Toward or at the body surface
E.g skin superficial to skeletal muscles

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13
Q

Deep (internal)

A

Away from body surface more internal
E.b lungs deep to skin

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14
Q

What are the major divisions of the body?

A

Axial
Appendicular

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15
Q

What does axial contain?

A

Head
Neck
Trunk

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16
Q

What does appendicular contain?

A

Limbs (legs arms)

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17
Q

Body planes

A

Surfaces along which body or structured may be cut for anatomical study

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18
Q

3 planes

A

Sagittal plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
Transverse (horizontal plane)

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19
Q

Sections

A

Cuts or sections made along a body plane
Named after a plane

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20
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides body vertically into right and left parts

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21
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

Cut was made on midline

22
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

Cut was off-cantered

23
Q

Frontal plane

A

Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
Produces a frontal or coronal section

24
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts
Produces a cross section

25
Q

Oblique section

A

Results of cuts at angle other than 90 degrees to vertical plane

26
Q

Body cavities

A

Provide different degrees of protection to organs within them
2 sets: dorsal body cavity, ventral body cavity

27
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

Protects fragile nervous system
Has two subdivisions- cranial cavity (encases the brain) and vertebral/spinal cavity (encloses the spinal cord)
Both brain and spinal cord covered by membranes called meninges

28
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

Has two major subdivisions- thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Houses internal organs collectively called viscera

29
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Surrounded by ribs and muscles of the chest
Further divided into lateral pleural cavities, each enveloping a lung and the medial mediastinum
Mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity, which encloses the heart, also surrounds remaining thoracic organs (oesophagus, trachea)

30
Q

What does abdominal cavity contain?

A

Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Spleen
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Kidneys

31
Q

Pelvic bones

A

Provide limited protection to pelvic cavity

32
Q

Walls of abdominal cavity

A

Formed by muscle only, so organs in twigs area are most vulnerable to trauma

33
Q

Serosa
(Serous membrane)

A

Thin, double layered membrane that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity
Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls
Visceral serosa covers internal organs
Double layers separated by serous fluid
Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane

34
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Urinary bladder
Reproductive organs
Rectum

35
Q

What is the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity separated by?

A

Diaphragm (a dome shaped muscle)

36
Q

Serous fluid

A

Allows organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another as they carry out their routine functions

37
Q

What happened when serous membranes are inflamed?

A

Become rough
This roughness causes the membranes to stick together and drag across one another - causes excruciating pain= called pleurisy or peritonitis

38
Q

What division method do medical personnel’s use?

A

Use a transverse and a median plane to pass through the umbilicus at right angles
4 quadrants- right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

39
Q

What division method do anatomists use?

A

Use two transverse and two parasagittal planes
The superior transverse plane is just inferior to the ribs
Inferior transverse plane is superior to the hip bones
The parasagittal planes lie just medial to the nipples
Gives 9 abdominopelvic regions

40
Q

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions

A

Umbilical region
Epigastric region
Pubic (hypogastric region)
Right inguinal (iliac) region
Left inguinal (iliac region
Right lateral (lumbar) region
Left lateral (lumbar region
Right hypochondriac region
Left hypochondriac region

41
Q

Umbilical region

A

Center most region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)

42
Q

Epigastric region

A

Located superior to the umbilical region

43
Q

Pubic region

A

Located inferior to the umbilical region

44
Q

Right/left inguinal regions

A

Located lateral to the hypogastric region

45
Q

Right/left lateral regions

A

Lie lateral to the umbilical region

46
Q

Right/left hypochondriac regions

A

Lie lateral to the Epigastric region and deep to the ribs

47
Q

What are the other small cavities?

A

Oral and digestive cavities
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavity
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities

48
Q

Oral and digestive cavities

A

Oral cavity, known as moth contains teeth tongue
Digestive cavity contains digestive organs which opens to the body exterior at the anus

49
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Located within and posterior to the nose
Part of the repertory system passageways

50
Q

Orbital cavities

A

In the skull
Houses the eyes and present them in an anterior position

51
Q

Middle ear cavity

A

In the skull
Lie medial to the eardrums
Contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears

52
Q

Synovial cavities

A

Joint cavities
Enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joint of the body
E.g serous membrane

Human Anatomy And Physiology (5 decks)

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