The endocrine system

Question 1

does endocrine system act slowly or quickly

Answer 1

slowly

Question 2

what does endocrine system use

Answer 2

chemical messages called hormones

Question 3

hormones (where produced and carried where)

Answer 3

produced in organs callled glands and carried in the blood

Question 4

neurotransmitter (distributed by what and example)

Answer 4

distributed by blood and act as neuro-hormone

ie norepinephrine

Question 5

endocrine glands

Answer 5

secretes hormones in blood

Question 6

exocrine glands

Answer 6

secretes their products (milk or saliva) into a duct for transport to outside

Question 7

chemical hormones subtype based on chemical structure

Answer 7

proteins, amino acid derivatives, steroids

Question 8

chemical hormones subtypes based on polarity

Answer 8

lipophilic (fat-soluble): bind to intracellular receptors, hydrophilic (water-soluble): bind to extracellular receptors

Question 9

lipophilic hormones

Answer 9

1-circulate in the blood attached to a transport protein
2-dissociate from carrier when reaches target cell
3-pass through cell membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus
4-hormone-receptor complex forms to regulate gene expression

Question 10

hydrophilic hormones

Answer 10

1-circulate in blood without transport carrier
2- too large or polar so cant cross cell membrane of target cells
3-bind to extracellular receptor
4-receptors activate kinase enzymes that alter cellular activity
5-these hormones work by producing second messenger (cAMP)

Question 11

Pituitary gland and consists of what

Answer 11

hangs by a stalk from hypothalamus

consists of anterior pituitary (appears glandular) and posterior pituitary (appears fibrous)

Question 12

posterior pituitary and hormones

Answer 12

directly connected to hypothalamus by tract of axons

stores and releases 2 hormones: ADH+oxytocin

Question 13

oxytocin

Answer 13

milk ejection reflex in mammals + uterine contraction during labor + regulates reproductive behavior

Question 14

ADH

Answer 14

stimulates water reabsorbtion by kidney inhibiting urine production

Question 15

negative feedback in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Answer 15

hypothalamus-trh-pituitary gland-tsh-thyroid gland-thyroxine-negative feedback-hypothalamus

Question 16

anterior pituitary and hormones (and where acts)

Answer 16

produces 6 essential hormones called tropic hormones: ACTH (adrenal cortex), GH (long bones), PRL (mammary gland), TSH (thyroid), LH (gonads), FSH (gonadsP

Question 17

GH fct and what happens when excess-dificiency child vs adult

Answer 17

stimulates growth of muscles and connective tissue cell division so bone elongation

• gigantism: excessive secretion of growth hormone during childhood (in adults: acromegaly bc cartilage plates are bones)
• dwarfism

Question 18

thyroid gland and location and hormones

Answer 18

shaped like a bow tie below adams apple

-secretes thyroxine (t4), triiodothyronine (t3), calcitonin

Question 19

t4 fct

Answer 19

regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

Question 20

hypothyroidism

Answer 20

low thyroxine prod

reduced metablism and overweight

Question 21

hyperthyroidism

Answer 21

high prod of thyroxine 
high metabolism and weight loss
-protruding eyes
-enlargemnt thyroid gland
-intolerance to heat

Question 22

cause of goiters (growth thyroid gland)

Answer 22

iodine dificiency in food or related to hyper-hypothyroidism

Question 23

thyroid gland stimulates uptake of calcium into bones by secreting what?

Answer 23

see schma but calcitonin

Question 24

parathyroid glands and hormones

Answer 24

4 small glands attached to thyroid
parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 25

parathyroid stimulates what

Answer 25

Parathyroid stimulates: osteoclasts to dissolve calcium in the bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood

Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb Ca2+ from the urine

Question 26

adrenal glands and location and parts

Answer 26

above kidneys

• medulla (inner portion)
• Cortex (outer portion)

Question 27

Medulla in adrenal glands

Answer 27

stimulated by sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 28

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 28

triggers alarm response helping body prepare for extreme efforts + leads to increase in:
heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose level, blood flow to heart+muscle

Question 29

Cortex in adrenal glands

Answer 29

stimulated by anterior pituitary through hormone ACTH and secretes corticosteroids

Question 30

corticosteroids (2 types) and fct

Answer 30

• glucococorticoids (such as cortisol): maintain glucose homeostasis and immune system
• mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone): regulate mineral balance by stimulating kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+

Question 31

pancreas location and hormones

Answer 31

adjacent to stomach and connected to small intetsine by pancreatic duct
Hormones that regulate blood glucose level: insulin and glucagon

Question 32

Insulin in pancreas: secreted by what and stimulates what

Answer 32

secreted by beta cells of islets and stimulates cellular uptake of blood glucose and its storage as glycogen in liver and muscle cells or as fait in fat cells

Question 33

glucagon in pancreas: secreted by what and promotes what

Answer 33

secreted by alpha cells of islets and promotes hydrolysis of glycogen in liver and fat in adipose

Question 34

2 types of diabetes

Answer 34

Type 1: insulin dependant diabetes (lack insulin b cells so daily injections of insulin)

Type 2: non insulin dependant (most and trated by diet and exercise)

Question 35

Gonads fct and hormones

Answer 35

produce sex steroids that regulate reproductive development

• Female hormones: estrogen and progesterone
• Male hormones: testosterone and its derivatives

Question 36

Pineal gland location and hormone

Answer 36

roof of 3rd ventricle of brain and secretes hormone melatonin (regulate biological clock)

Question 37

2 insect hormones

Answer 37

-molting by molting hormone (shelding of old exoskeleton) and metamorphosis by low levels of juvenile hormone (radical transformation from the larval to the adult form)