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Biology III > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 types cells in nervous system

A

neurons, neuroglia

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2
Q

3 types of neurons according fct

A

sensory (carry impulse to cns), motor, (carry impulse from neurons to effectors), interneurons (in learning and memory)

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3
Q

3 types of neurons according shape

A

multipolar, bipolar, (pseudo)unipolar

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4
Q

2 hard parts of neuron

A

myelin sheath and schwann cell

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5
Q

4 zones in a neuron

A

input zone, summation zone (triggers), conduction zone, output zone

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6
Q

nerve impulses travels along what

A

plasma membrane

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7
Q

Types of neuroglia cell and what they produce

A

schwann cell in PNS and oligodendrocytes in CNS

they produce myelin sheaths

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8
Q

3 reasons inside neuron negatively charged

A

1-sp pump (brongs 2 K+ in and 3 Na+ out
2-ion leakage channels (+ ions diffuse out)
3-negatively charged molecules like proteins stuck inside

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9
Q

CNS of sponges

A

phylum w/o nerves

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10
Q

3 basic divisions of vertebrate brains

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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11
Q

what protects brain

A

skull, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

1.4 kilo brain made of how many amitotic neurons

A

100 billion

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13
Q

What meninges made of

A

in order: dura master, arachnoid, pia mater

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14
Q

what is cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of cerebrum

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15
Q

left side brain vs right side brain

A

left: language logic math science
right: artistic skills

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16
Q

fct medulla oblongata

A

attaches spinal cord to maintain homeostasis

17
Q

fct pons

A

control breading

18
Q

fct midbrain

A

consciousness

19
Q

fct cerebellum

A

balance, posture, smooth mvt

20
Q

fct limbic system

A

emotional response + memory processing

21
Q

fct thalamus

A

relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex + memory processing (part of limbic system)

22
Q

fct hypothalamus

A

chief integration center, regulates everything

23
Q

fct pineal gland

A

biological clock, vraries melatonin secretion

24
Q

2 types photoreceptors in retina

A

Rods (black/white) and cones (colour)

25
Q

action potential vs graded potential

A

action potential: all-or-none event, occurs when treshold voltage reached (-70 to -65)

26
Q

steps of action potential

A

1-resting state (Na+ and K+ channels closed, pump open)
2-Depolarization (only Na+ channels open so goes in)
3-Repolarization (Na+ close but K+ channels open so goes in=reverses polarity)
4-Hyperpolarization (Na+ resets, some K+ channels stay open and pump continues work)
re-establishment resting potential
…..depolarization of next region of axon…..depolarization of next region of axon

27
Q

how increase velocity of conduction

A

1-greater axon diameter

2-action potential only at nodes of ranvier through saltatory conduction

28
Q

synapses

A

intercellular junctions

*there are presynaptic cells and postsynaptic cells

29
Q

steps of synaptic transmission

A

nerve impulse/action potential travels which opens Ca+ channels tiggering neurotransmitter release accross synpase to receptors on post synptic cells

30
Q

how to stop synaptic transmission (3)

A

removing neurotransmitters from synpatic cleft
1-reuptake
2-enzyme degradation
3-diffuse

31
Q

2 types of neurtransmitters and exmaples

A

excitatory (ACh and aa) and inhibitory

Others: epinephrine responsible for fight or flight, dopamine, seratonin

32
Q

how become addicted cocaine

A

cocain bond dopamine to transporters so no uptake
dopamine fores more and more pleasure
prolonged exposure=reduce receptor numbers=addicted

33
Q

number of reflex arc in spinal cord

A

3 (if needs to be quick) or 2

34
Q

pns consists of

A

nerves and ganglia

35
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic division symptoms

A

sympathetic like anxiety attach and para opposite

36
Q

ear parts

A

outer ear:
middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes (in order)
inner ear: cochlea, semicircular canal (balance)

37
Q

taste parts and involves neurons where

A

taste buds, papiliae

involves neurons in upper part of nasal passage where neurons transmitted to olfactory nerve

Biology III (14 decks)

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