The emergence of the Civil Rights movement pt.1

Question 1

What kind of segregation existed in schools before the Brown V Board court ruling ?

Answer 1

de juro

Question 2

Compare the average salary of a white teacher in Florida with that of a black teacher from 1939-40

Answer 2

white teacher: $1,148

Black teacher: $585

Question 3

Give the timeline of the Brown V Board court ruling. (3)

Answer 3

1) 1953 - NAACP collected court cases about desegregating schools

2) 5 cases made it to the US S.C. and were combined to form the Brown V Board of education case in Topeka

3) 17th May 1954 - Court unanimously voted in favour of the NAACP desegregating schools

Question 4

who was the chief justice of the supreme court for the ruling of Brown V Board desegregating schools ?

Answer 4

Chief Justice Earl Warren

Question 5

Give an example of someone who was inspired to take on the system by the the Brown V Board decision to desegregate schools in 1954

Answer 5

Mae Mallory

Question 6

What did Mae Mallory fight for, as someone who was inspired by the Brown V Board decision in 1954 ?

Answer 6

to fight against poor education funding and de facto segregation

Question 7

Where did Mae Mallory work ?

Answer 7

New York

Question 8

What civil rights group did Mae Mallory lead ?

Answer 8

Harlem 9

Question 9

What was the purpose of Harlem 9, as a group ?

Answer 9

demanded the integration of children in New York

Question 10

Give 3 examples of groups/ key players in the civil rights movement, who Harlem 9, Led by Mae Mallory were aided by.

Answer 10

1) NAACP

2) Ella Baker

3) Adam Clayton Powell

Question 11

How did the efforts of Harlem 9, a group led by Mae Mallory, whose aim it was to achieve integration of their children in New York, pay off ?

Answer 11

in 1960, New York City relented and allowed integration

Question 12

Why did the NAACP have to go back to the Supreme court in 1955 with the Brown II decision ?

Answer 12

This is because, despite the unanimous decision in the Brown V Board ruling, there was no real time frame for desegregation in schools

Question 13

What did the Brown II decision ask schools in terms of the time frame for desegregation ?

Answer 13

asked schools to desegregate “With all deliberate speed”

Question 14

When did the case of Brown V Board begin ?

Answer 14

1951

Question 15

Why did the case of Brown V Board begin in 1951 ?

Answer 15

Because a Public School in Topeka, Kansas, refused to enroll Linda Brown, instead, requiring her to ride a bus to segregated Black school further away.

Question 15

Who were the Brown family represented by in the Brown V Board case of 1954 ?

Answer 15

Thurgood Marshall, a lawyer of the NAACP

Question 16

The Brown V Board court ruling of 1954 was a unanimous decision - given this, how many justices serving on the Warren court agreed that the “separate but equal” doctrine had no place in public schools ?

Answer 16

9 (unanimous decision of 9-0)

Question 17

Give 4 examples of opposition towards desegregation that grew after the Brown V Board ruling in 1954

Answer 17

1) White Citizens councils

2) KKK was revitalised

3) signing of the Southern manifesto

4) Southern states launch of a legal offensive against the NAACP

Question 18

Explain how there was opposition by White Citizens councils towards desegregation after the Brown V Board ruling.

Answer 18

Formed in the South in 1954, by 1956, White citizens councils boasted 250,000 members by 1956 advocating for segregation as well as white supremacist beliefs

Question 19

Explain how there was opposition by the KKK towards desegregation after the Brown V Board ruling.

Answer 19

The KKK was revitalized, growing in membership exponentially not seen since the 1920s when they boasted over 4 million members as well as more brutality

Question 20

Explain how there was opposition by the Southern manifesto towards desegregation after the Brown V Board ruling.

Answer 20

The signing of this Southern manifesto in March 1956 by 101 congressmen threatened to use ‘all lawful means’ to oppose the S.C’s decision to desegregate schools in 1954.

• It suggested there should be ‘Massive resistance’ including closing down schools if necessary

Question 21

On what grounds/ basis did the Southern Manifesto contain for a reason as to why its intention was to use ‘all lawful means’ to oppose the S.C’s decision to desegregate schools ?

Answer 21

on the grounds that the court decision infringed on state’s Rights to decide whether or not to segregate.

Question 22

When did Southern states launch a coordinated legal offensive, to cripple the NAACP in response to the Brown V Board ruling ?

Answer 22

Spring of 1956

Question 23

How did the legal offensive, launched by Southern states in the Spring of 1956 against the NAACP, inhibit progress in the Civil Rights movement ?

Answer 23

This is because, the Southern states prohibited workers in their states from advocating integration as well as forcing black teachers to resign from the NAACP or face dismissal

Question 24

Why was the Southern states' threat of firing Black teachers if they failed to resign from the NAACP, included within their legal offensive in Spring 1956, such a detriment to the NAACP ?

Answer 24

This is because Black teachers were one of the cornerstones of membership of the NAACP and it led to huge numbers of teachers resigning from the NAACP and its numbers dropping dangerously low.

Question 25

When was the Brown II decision ?

Answer 25

May 1955

Question 26

By 1964, how many Southern Black students attended majority white schools ?

Answer 26

2%

Question 27

By 1970, how many Southern Black students attended majority white schools ?

Answer 27

33%

Question 28

What was the purpose of Little Rock 9 ?

Answer 28

To test the ruling of the Brown V Board of education in 1954

Question 29

When was Little Rock 9 ?

Answer 29

Sept 1957

Question 30

What was Little Rock 9 ?

Answer 30

This was where 9 African American students were chosen to go to a white segregated school, Little Rock central high school

Question 31

Where was Little Rock central high school ?

Answer 31

Arkansas

Question 32

Who was the governor of Arkansas in 1957 (at the time of Little Rock 9)

Answer 32

Orval Faubus

Question 33

How did the governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus, react to Little Rock 9 (Sept 1957)

Answer 33

He sent the Arkansas national guard to prevent the 9 black students from entering the high school. Although, he claimed they were there to "Keep the Peace"

Question 34

How did Eisenhower react to Orval Faubus sending the Arkansas national guard to Little Rock high school preventing the 9 African American students from entering ?

Answer 34

He responded by sending federal troops, the 101st airborne, as well as federalising the national guard to give the students protected entrance to the school

Question 35

Who promoted the Southern manifesto which was signed in March 1956 and called for what became known as the 'massive resistance' ?

Answer 35

Virginia Senator, Harry F Byrd

Question 36

What was the Lost year ?

Answer 36

This was when Governor Orval Faubus closed all Little Rock's 4 high schools in an effort to block desegregation

Question 37

When was the 'Lost year' ?

Answer 37

the school year: 1958-59

Question 38

How many students, Both Black and White, were denied free public education due to the Lost year from 1958-59 ?

Answer 38

3,665

Question 39

How did the Lost year hinder progress to the civil Rights movement ?

Answer 39

Due to 3,665 black and white students being denied access to free public education as a result of Orval Faubus closing all of Little Rock's 4 high schools, there was further racial tensions and a divided community.

Question 40

What did Senator Harry F Byrd, promoter of the Southern manifesto and called for what became known as the 'massive resistance', instruct his Virginia state to do in terms of integration ?

Answer 40

He instructed his state to ignore integration

Question 41

When did the Lost year end ?

Answer 41

August 1959

Question 42

What did the end of the Lost year mean for the reopening of schools ?

Answer 42

The high schools were scheduled to reopen

Question 43

Although schools reopened after the end of the 'Lost year' in August 1959, the Black students who returned to high school were met with _________ and struggled to integrate.

Answer 43

violence

Question 44

Harry F Byrd, promoter of the Southern manifesto called for what became known as the 'massive resistance'. Give an example of how impactful this was in his own state of Virginia.

Answer 44

There was one school in Virginia that did not reopen until 1964