Responses to developments Western and Eastern Europe Flashcards
What event occured in Eastern Europe under the Eisenhower presidency ?
Hungarian revolution
When was the Hungarian revolution ?
1956
What are the events of the Hungarian revolution ? (7)
1) 1956 - At the twentieth party congress, Khrushchev gave his destalinization speech
2) CIA allegedly helped the news of the speech leak out
3) Led to riots in Poland and Hungary against the communist government and Stalinist oppression
4) Protests in Hungary led to the replacement of the Hardline leader, Rakosi with Imre Nagy
5) Khrushchev sent troops and tanks to budapest in November 1956 and 3000 Hungarians were killed in bloody fighting
6) Khrushchev appointed Janos Kadar as leader crushing the resistance
7) Eisenhower claimed that nothing in the Truman doctrine warranted intervention or going to war
After Hardline Hungarian leader, Rakosi was replaced by Imre Nagy during the revolution, what 4 things did Nagy promise ?
1) free elections
2) restoration of farmland to private property
3) neutrality in the Cold war
4) Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact
What was the Warsaw Pact ?
a collective defence treaty established by the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe
When was the Warsaw Pact Established ?
14th May 1955
What did the Soviet Union establish the Warsaw Pact as a counterbalance to ?
to the North Atlantic Treaty organisation (NATO)
Give an example of when the Soviet union used the Warsaw pact to contain popular dissent in one of its European satellites.
Hungarian revolution - 1956
Other than providing a counterbalance to NATO, why else did the Soviet union create the Warsaw pact ?
Soviet leadership noted that civil unrest was on the rise in Eastern Europe and determined that a unified, multilateral political and military alliance would tie Eastern European capitals more closely to Moscow.
How was Nikita Khrushchev and Eisenhower expected to respond to the Hungarian revolution as of Widespread belief ?
Khrushchev - belief that he was open to a gradual relaxation of Stalinist control
Eisenhower - belief that, as the Great liberator of Europe, would support Hungary
Why did Khrushchev decide to intervene and suppress the revolution in Hungary ?
The prospect of a hole being left in the Iron curtain by Hungary was too much
After Khrushchev sent troops and tanks to Budapest in November 1956 to crush the Hungarian revolution, how many Hungarians were killed in bloody fighting and how many fled to Austria ?
3000 killed in bloody fighting
200,000 fled to Austria
What event occured in Western Europe under the Presidency of Eisenhower ?
the Berlin and U2 spy plane crisis
Give the events of the Berlin and U2 spy plane crisis.
1) 10th November 1958 - Khrushchev demanded that the Western powers pull their forced from Berlin within 6 months
2) However, the city had grown to such a size, that a Berlin Airlift would no longer be possible
3) As a result of these tensions, a conference was held in Geneva in 1959
4) Progress was limited at the conference, but, Khrushchev was invited for further talks in the US, to which Khrushchev arrived on the 15th September 1959 for 11 days at Camp David.
5) A visit of Eisenhower to Moscow the following year was cancelled due to a U2 spy plane being shot down over the USSR on 1st May 1960
6) Khrushchev produced the pilot, Gary Powers, alive on 5th May 1960 and Eisenhower was forced to admit that he had ordered spying missions
7) A proposed conference in Paris broke down surrounding the issue of West Berlin meaning it would be a problem for a different President.
By 1961, How much of East Berlin’s population had fled to the West meaning that West Berlin had grown to a large population and that an airlift would no longer be possible ?
20%
When was the conference held in Geneva surrounding the tensions of the withdrawal of the West from Berlin ?
1959
What 2 things were agreed between Eisenhower and Khrushchev in September 1959 at Camp David ?
1) no deadline on the removal of the West from Berlin
2) Eisenhower would visit Moscow in 1960
Why was the Visitation of Eisenhower to Moscow in 1960 agreed between him and Khrushchev a Camp David cancelled ?
due to a U2 spy plane being shot down over the Soviet Union on the 1st May 1960
Who in America did Nikita Khrushchev put the blame on for the U2 spy plane flying over the Soviet Union on 1st May 1960 ?
Alan Dulles
Why did Khrushchev put the blame on Alan Dulles for the U2 spy plane flying over the USSR on 1s May 1960 instead of Eisenhower ?
As he liked Eisenhower
After the US had assumed that Gary Powers (the pilot of the U2 spy plane) had been killed, what did Eisenhower announced regarding the activity of the plane ?
the US announced that it was a weather plane that had got lost.
Why and When was Eisenhower forced to admit that he had ordered spying missions over the USSR ?
5th May 1960 - as Khrushchev produced Gary Powers, alive on this date.
In what way did Eisenhower describe the spying missions that he had ordered over the USSR after the U2 spy plane had been shot down on 1st May 1960 and Gary Powers, the pilot was revealed ?
a ‘Distasteful necessity’
Why was the U2 spy plane crisis such an embarrassment for Eisenhower ?
As, in 1955, Eisenhower had suggested an “open sky” policy that would allow the powers to use air surveillance to monitor each others military capabilities. Khrushchev had rejected this.
