African Americans in North and South Flashcards
What kind of segregation remained the norm in the North despite limited government intervention by the Truman administration ?
de facto segregation
What is a national chapter ?
a premises/ location of an organisation
How many national chapters had CORE grown to by the end of Eisenhower’s presidency ?
53
What does CORE stand for ?
congress of racial equality
Whereabouts in the North were CORE beginning to challenge de facto segregation ?
In Chicago Schools
What did the challenge to de facto segregation in the North by CORE, specifically, in Chicago schools, involve the group taking on ? (person)
taking on the powerful Chicago mayor, Richard Daley
What was white flight ?
When white people moved out of urban areas in the North in response to minority groups moving in.
What did the practice of white flight in the North lead to in American towns and cities ?
led to inner cities becoming homogenous (the same) with clear dividing lines between white people and African Americans.
Give an example of an inner city in the North of America with a clear dividing line between white and African Americans.
the 8 mile road, Detroit
What was the economic environment/ circumstances like for African Americans in the North ?
landlords increased rent prices, and without access to cars, they were forced to shop in places with higher prices
What was happening in the North, in terms of the growing political power for African Americans.
1942 - William L Dawson elected to house of reps (Illinois)
1945 - Adam Clayton Powell elected to house of reps (Harlem)
1955 - Charles Diggs elected to house of reps (Michigan)
1958 - Robert Nix elected to house of reps (Pennsylvania)
What is a limitation of the success of African Americans in political terms in the North ?
Although success in the House of representatives, there were still no black senators under Eisenhower
How did Malcom X link to the movement of challenging de facto segregation in the North ?
He advocated black empowerment and separation of Black and White Americans.
What happened to the economic landscape of the South under Eisenhower ?
due mechanisation of farming equipment, there was a decline of agriculture and therefore unemployment amongst African Americans increased
What happened to the proportion of black people that lived on farms under Eisenhower ?
It plummeted from 35% to 2%
What was the result of African Americans losing their jobs in the south due to increased mechanisation of farming under Eisenhower ?
African Americans were pushed away from rural areas into urban centres
What group was trying to challenge segregation in the South ?
NAACP
What was the Southern manifesto ?
It was a declaration that had an aim of reversing the Brown V Board of education ruling in 1954 which mandated segregation of schools.
When was the Southern manifesto published ?
March 1956
How many congressmen from 11 southern states signed the southern manifesto in March 1956 ?
101 congressmen
(19 = senators, 82 = representatives)
101 congressmen from 11 southern states signed the southern manifesto in March 1956.
What were these 11 states called previously ?
Confederate states
What is meant by ‘confederate states’ in America ?
These were 11 southern states in America that were former slave owning and break away from the union in the American civil war.
How many of the 101 congressman who signed the Southern manifesto were democrats and how many were Republicans ?
97 = democrat
4 = Republican
