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metabolism year 2 > The electron transport chain > Flashcards

The electron transport chain Flashcards

1
Q

where is NADH synthesized and where can it not go

A

synthesized in the cytosol and cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane

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2
Q

how does NADH get into the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

transfer electrons via 2 redox reactions

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3
Q

what are the 2 redox reactions that move NADH into the inner mtochondrial membrane

A

glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle
malate-asparate shuttle

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4
Q

what is the requirement for the malate-asparate shuttle to operate

A

only operates where cytosolic NADH:NAD+ ratio is higher in cytosol than the mitochondrial matrix)

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5
Q

how many sites of entry are there for the ETC

A

four

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6
Q

name the four entry points for the ETC

A

complex 1 for NADH
complex 11 for FADH
complex 111
comples 1V

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7
Q

what is complex 1 for NADH also known as

A

NADH dehydrogenase or NADH-Q reductase

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8
Q

what is complex
1 for NADH/ NADH dehydrogenase/ NADH Q-Reductase

A

a flavoprotein containing FMN

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9
Q

name all 3 of the complex 11 enzymes

A

succinate a-reductase (dehydrogenase)
glycerol-3-phosphate Q10 reductase (also a dehydrogenase)
fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase

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10
Q

what are all complex 11 enzymes

A

flavoproteins

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11
Q

what do complex 11 enzymes do

A

reduce FAD to form FADH2
FADH2 transfers electrons via Fe-S to Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquione)

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12
Q

what is ubiquione

A

coenzyme Q10

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13
Q

what does ubiquione/ coenzyme Q(10) do

A

diffuses through membrane
in reduced form (QH2) transfers electrons from complex 1 and 11 to complex 111

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14
Q

what is complex 111 known as

A

QH2-cytochrome C reductase
or
ubiquione-cytochrome C reductase

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15
Q

what does complex 111/ QH2-cytochrome C reductase/ ubiquione-cytochrome C reductase do

A

ozidises ubiquinone
reduces cytochrome C
ie transfers electrons from ubiquione to cytochrome C

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16
Q

how does the transfer of electrons in complex 111 occur

A

via cytochrome b, an iron sulphur complex
and
cytochrome c1

17
Q

what does cytochrome C do

A

diffuses through membrane from complex 111 to complex 1V

18
Q

what is complex 1V also known as

A

cytochrome C oxidase

19
Q

what does complex 1V do

A

oxidises cytochrome C1 and reduces in a sequence cytochrome a, a3 and O2

20
Q

what is produced from Complex 1V

A

o2 which is reduced and produces water

21
Q

what happens if 02 is only partially reduced by complex 1V

A

oxygen free radicals are produced

22
Q

what happens to protons during the ETC

A

pumped out of the matrix into the intermembrane space
forms a proton gradient which drives ATP synthesis by ATpase (ATP synthase)

23
Q

what is involved in the protons being pumped out of the matrix

A

complexes 1, 111 and 1V

24
Q

what is the P:O ratio

A

the number of ATPs synthesized per oxygen atom (1/2 O2) consumed or H2O produced

25
Q

what is the P:O ratio for oxidation yielding NADH

A

3

26
Q

what is the P:O ratio for oxidation yielding FADH2

A

2

27
Q

how is ATP exported from the mitochondria

A

ATP:ADP translocase moves ADP from cytosol into matrix in exchange for ATP
so ATP produced in mitochondria is moved out to the cytosol

28
Q

how is the ETC regulated

A

increase in ATP:ADP ratio reduces oxidative phosphorylation and ETC slows down
consequently NADH:NAD+ ratio increases
knock on inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase, B-oxidation and TCA cycle

29
Q

what is the ETC not tightly coupled with

A

oxidative phosphorylation

30
Q

what does UCP-1 do

A

in infants brown fat forms channels allowing dissipation of protein gradient to bypass ATP synthase - so energy generated during dissipation is converted to heat

31
Q

what is the pharmaceutical uncoupler called

A

2,4 dinitrophenol

32
Q

what does a pharmaceutical uncoupler /2,4 dinitrophenol do

A

burns more fuel in effort to make ATP

33
Q

risks with pharmaceutical uncoupler/ 2,4 dinitrophenol

A

tissues damage due to lack of ATP production
toxic fever
death

metabolism year 2 (24 decks)

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