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Biology 20 > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Ingestion

A

taking food in

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2
Q

Digestion

A

breaking food down

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3
Q

Absorption

A

Nutrients brought down into the blood and tissue

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4
Q

Egestion

A

getting rid of wastes

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5
Q

Alimentary canal + parts

A

The main pathway of the digestive system
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum
- anus

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6
Q

Number of organs in the digestive system

A

10

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7
Q

Mesentery

A

Tissues supporting and positioning digestive organs

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8
Q

Function of the digestive system

A

Chemical and mechanical breakdown of food and the absorption of nutrients

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9
Q

Accessory organs

A

attached to the Ailementary can release enzymes, molecules and hormones that aid in digestion (liver, pancreas, gallbladder, etc.)

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10
Q

The mouth role in digestion

A

Begins digestion by physical breakdown of food (chewing)
and chemical breakdown (mixing with saliva)

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11
Q

Tongue

A

Moves food, lets you taste food

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12
Q

Palate

A

roof of oral cavity

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13
Q

Bolus

A

Partially digested food in the mouth

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14
Q

Mechanical breakdown

A

increases the surface area of food particles (chewing, crushing, stomach churning)

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15
Q

Chemical breakdown

A

Breaks food down into monomers using enzymes and water so they can be absorbed by the body

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16
Q

Salivary glands

A

Lets out saliva that carries the enzyme amylase

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17
Q

Amylase

A

An enzyme that breaks down starches into sugars

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18
Q

Pharynx

A

Back of the mouth

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19
Q

Epiglottis

A

Keeps food out of the airway

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20
Q

Esophagus

A

tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach, using peristalsis to push the food along

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21
Q

peristalsis

A

the action of swallowing, where muscles around your esophagus that contracts and relaxes section by section to push food into the stomach

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22
Q

Stomach structure (see diagram in notes) - 8

A
  • Fundus
  • Longitudinal muscles
  • Greater curvature
  • Rugea
  • Lesser curvature
  • Pyloric sphincter
  • Esophagus
  • cardia sphincter
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23
Q

Stomach function

A

food storage and protein digestion, partially digests bolus into chyme

24
Q

Secretory Cells

A

line the stomach wall producing gastric fluids, stimulated by the release of the hormone gastrin

25
Q

Mucous cells

A

Secretory cell for protection

26
Q

Parietal cells

A

Secretory cell of inactive pepsin

27
Q

peptic cell

A

AKA pepsinogen: Secretory cell of active parental cell

28
Q

Small intestine function

A

Chemical digestion (duodenum), absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream

29
Q

Small intestine sections (see diagram in notes)

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

30
Q

Enzymes

A

Breaks down macromolecules with hydrolysis

31
Q

Molecules

A

Aid in the digestion process

32
Q

Hormones

A

stimulate digestive organs for nutrient absorption

33
Q

Villi

A

Small bumps in the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

34
Q

Absorption of carbohydrates

A

Glucose is actively transported into the intestinal wall to move into the bloodstream

35
Q

Absorption of proteins

A

Amino acids are actively transported into the intestinal wall to move into the bloodstream

36
Q

Absorption of lipids

A

Glycerol and fatty acids diffuse into the cells of the intestinal wall, where they get resynthesized into fats coated with proteins for eventual transfer into the bloodstream

37
Q

Large intestine function

A

last chance for water and inorganic salt absorption, waste storage

38
Q

Large intestine components (see diagram in notes)

A
  • Cecum
  • colon
  • Rectum
  • Anus
39
Q

Cecum

A

start of the large intestine, appendix attached

40
Q

Appendix

A

No known function other than bacteria storage and maybe synthesize vitamins B & K

41
Q

Colon

A

Four sections: ascending, traverse, descending, and sigmoid

42
Q

Rectum

A

Stores waste before it is expelled

43
Q

Anus

A

Muscle sphincter that controls when waste exits

44
Q

Pancreas function

A

Signaled by secretin, it releases bicarbonate ions into the small intestine to neutralize acidic chyme

45
Q

trypsinogen

A

a pancreatic enzyme that converts to trypsin that breaks down proteins

46
Q

Pancreatic Amylase

A

a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down starch

47
Q

Pancreatic Lactase

A

a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down lactose

48
Q

Pancreatic Lipase

A

an enzyme that breaks down fats

49
Q

Liver Functions(3)

A
  • The liver produces bile salts to emulsify fats
  • Liver stores glycogen and vitamins
  • The liver detoxifies substances in the body
50
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

A hormone produced in the small intestine that releases bile from the gallbladder

51
Q

Gallbladder function

A

Stores bile salts used to digest fats

52
Q

Bile

A

Fluid made by the liver

53
Q

Bile salts

A

“detergent” that breaks fats into smaller pieces

54
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks fat down into monomers

55
Q

Gastrin

A

a hormone produced in the stomach lining that releases HCl into the stomach

56
Q

Secretin

A

A hormone produced in the small intestine that releases sodium bicarbonate from the pancreas

57
Q

Chemical digestion of macromolecules

A

See Chapter 6.2 booklet, last page

Biology 20 (9 decks)

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