The Digestive System

Question 1

Ingestion

Answer 1

taking food in

Question 2

Digestion

Answer 2

breaking food down

Question 3

Absorption

Answer 3

Nutrients brought down into the blood and tissue

Question 4

Egestion

Answer 4

getting rid of wastes

Question 5

Alimentary canal + parts

Answer 5

The main pathway of the digestive system
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum
- anus

Question 6

Number of organs in the digestive system

Answer 6

10

Question 7

Mesentery

Answer 7

Tissues supporting and positioning digestive organs

Question 8

Function of the digestive system

Answer 8

Chemical and mechanical breakdown of food and the absorption of nutrients

Question 9

Accessory organs

Answer 9

attached to the Ailementary can release enzymes, molecules and hormones that aid in digestion (liver, pancreas, gallbladder, etc.)

Question 10

The mouth role in digestion

Answer 10

Begins digestion by physical breakdown of food (chewing)
and chemical breakdown (mixing with saliva)

Question 11

Tongue

Answer 11

Moves food, lets you taste food

Question 12

Palate

Answer 12

roof of oral cavity

Question 13

Bolus

Answer 13

Partially digested food in the mouth

Question 14

Mechanical breakdown

Answer 14

increases the surface area of food particles (chewing, crushing, stomach churning)

Question 15

Chemical breakdown

Answer 15

Breaks food down into monomers using enzymes and water so they can be absorbed by the body

Question 16

Salivary glands

Answer 16

Lets out saliva that carries the enzyme amylase

Question 17

Amylase

Answer 17

An enzyme that breaks down starches into sugars

Question 18

Pharynx

Answer 18

Back of the mouth

Question 19

Epiglottis

Answer 19

Keeps food out of the airway

Question 20

Esophagus

Answer 20

tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach, using peristalsis to push the food along

Question 21

peristalsis

Answer 21

the action of swallowing, where muscles around your esophagus that contracts and relaxes section by section to push food into the stomach

Question 22

Stomach structure (see diagram in notes) - 8

Answer 22

• Fundus
• Longitudinal muscles
• Greater curvature
• Rugea
• Lesser curvature
• Pyloric sphincter
• Esophagus
• cardia sphincter

Question 23

Stomach function

Answer 23

food storage and protein digestion, partially digests bolus into chyme

Question 24

Secretory Cells

Answer 24

line the stomach wall producing gastric fluids, stimulated by the release of the hormone gastrin

Question 25

Mucous cells

Answer 25

Secretory cell for protection

Question 26

Parietal cells

Answer 26

Secretory cell of inactive pepsin

Question 27

peptic cell

Answer 27

AKA pepsinogen: Secretory cell of active parental cell

Question 28

Small intestine function

Answer 28

Chemical digestion (duodenum), absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream

Question 29

Small intestine sections (see diagram in notes)

Answer 29

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Question 30

Enzymes

Answer 30

Breaks down macromolecules with hydrolysis

Question 31

Molecules

Answer 31

Aid in the digestion process

Question 32

Hormones

Answer 32

stimulate digestive organs for nutrient absorption

Question 33

Villi

Answer 33

Small bumps in the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

Question 34

Absorption of carbohydrates

Answer 34

Glucose is actively transported into the intestinal wall to move into the bloodstream

Question 35

Absorption of proteins

Answer 35

Amino acids are actively transported into the intestinal wall to move into the bloodstream

Question 36

Absorption of lipids

Answer 36

Glycerol and fatty acids diffuse into the cells of the intestinal wall, where they get resynthesized into fats coated with proteins for eventual transfer into the bloodstream

Question 37

Large intestine function

Answer 37

last chance for water and inorganic salt absorption, waste storage

Question 38

Large intestine components (see diagram in notes)

Answer 38

- Cecum - colon - Rectum - Anus

Question 39

Cecum

Answer 39

start of the large intestine, appendix attached

Question 40

Appendix

Answer 40

No known function other than bacteria storage and maybe synthesize vitamins B & K

Question 41

Colon

Answer 41

Four sections: ascending, traverse, descending, and sigmoid

Question 42

Rectum

Answer 42

Stores waste before it is expelled

Question 43

Anus

Answer 43

Muscle sphincter that controls when waste exits

Question 44

Pancreas function

Answer 44

Signaled by secretin, it releases bicarbonate ions into the small intestine to neutralize acidic chyme

Question 45

trypsinogen

Answer 45

a pancreatic enzyme that converts to trypsin that breaks down proteins

Question 46

Pancreatic Amylase

Answer 46

a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down starch

Question 47

Pancreatic Lactase

Answer 47

a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down lactose

Question 48

Pancreatic Lipase

Answer 48

an enzyme that breaks down fats

Question 49

Liver Functions(3)

Answer 49

- The liver produces bile salts to emulsify fats - Liver stores glycogen and vitamins - The liver detoxifies substances in the body

Question 50

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 50

A hormone produced in the small intestine that releases bile from the gallbladder

Question 51

Gallbladder function

Answer 51

Stores bile salts used to digest fats

Question 52

Bile

Answer 52

Fluid made by the liver

Question 53

Bile salts

Answer 53

"detergent" that breaks fats into smaller pieces

Question 54

Lipase

Answer 54

Breaks fat down into monomers

Question 55

Gastrin

Answer 55

a hormone produced in the stomach lining that releases HCl into the stomach

Question 56

Secretin

Answer 56

A hormone produced in the small intestine that releases sodium bicarbonate from the pancreas

Question 57

Chemical digestion of macromolecules

Answer 57

See Chapter 6.2 booklet, last page