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Biology 20 > Molecules of living systems (6.1) > Flashcards

Molecules of living systems (6.1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic compounds

A

macromolecules containing very strong carbon-hydrogen bonds that can bond to lots of other carbon

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2
Q

Carbon chains

A

Forms the backbone of organic compounds. These skeletons can vary in length, branching, double-band position and presence of rings

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3
Q

Functional groups (7)

A

chemical patterns added to hydrocarbons to make macromolecules
(Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxyl, Carnonyl, amino, phosphil, Sulfhydryl)

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4
Q

Hydroxyl

A

polar (-OH)
R - O - H

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5
Q

Carboxyl

A

Acidic (-COOH)
R - C = O
\
OH

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6
Q

Carbonyl

A

Polar (-CO)
R
\
C = O
/
R

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7
Q

Amino

A

Basic (-NH2)
H
/
R - N
\
H

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8
Q

Phosphil

A

Acidic (-PO4)
O
||
R - O - P - OH
|
OH

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9
Q

Biomolecule

A

Chemical compound found in living organisms

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10
Q

Essential Elements

A

CHONPS

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11
Q

Monomer

A

Small single units that can bond to others to corm chains

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12
Q

Polymer

A

Larger molecules made of bonded monomers

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13
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Removes H2O to allow for bonds

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14
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Adding H2O to break bonds

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15
Q

Carbohydrates Function

A

Energy release and storage in the body for movement and growth.

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16
Q

Monosaccharides examples

A
  • Glucose, Fructose and Galactose - They release energy quickly and have the same amount of atoms but in different structures (they are Isomers of each other)
  • C12H13O14
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17
Q

Disaccharides

A

“Two Sugars” formed when two monosaccarides link together using dehydration synthesis.
(Ex: Glucose + fructose = Sucrose
Glucose + Fructose = Maltose)

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18
Q

Polysaccharides(3)

A
  • “Many Sugars” long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
  • made from dehydration synthesis reactions
  • Ex: Amylopectin, Amylose, Cellulose, Glycogen
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19
Q

Amylopectin

A
  • Long branched chain
  • lets glucose release quickly
  • starch
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20
Q

Amylose

A
  • Long branched chain
  • coiled to make it compact for storage
  • starch
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21
Q

Cellulose

A
  • long straight chains
  • can form hydrogen bonds
  • Good support for cell walls
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22
Q

Glycogen(3)

A
  • Highly branched with many side branches
  • Very quick release of glucose
  • In animals
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23
Q

Lipids

A

Macromolecule insoluble in water, found in fats, oils waxes and hormones

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24
Q

Fatty acids

A
  • Lipid monomers
  • Consist of carboxyl group joined to a hydrocarbon chain
  • can be saturated or unsaturated
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25
Q

Saturated Fatty acid

A

No double carbon bonds (no C=C)

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26
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

At least one double carbon bond (C=C)

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27
Q

Trans Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Straight structure, double bond

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28
Q

Cis Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Bent structure, double bond

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29
Q

Triglycerides Formation

A

Dehydration synthesis
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids —> triglycerides + 3 water molecules

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30
Q

Triglycerides traits (5)

A
  • Long term stores for energy
  • Energy released when they are broken down
  • Stored as fat (good for isolation in the cold)
  • insoluble in water
  • Held by ester bond
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31
Q

Phospholipids traits (3)

A
  • Make up the cell membrane
  • forms a bilayer with the hydrophilic tails facing inwards and hydrophilic heads facing outwards
  • Structure has a phosphate group bonded to glycerol (makes head) , bonded to two fatty acids (the tails)
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32
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving

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33
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating

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34
Q

Waxes traits and Examples (3)

A
  • Long chains of hydrocarbons
  • Water repellent
    Ex: plant leaves to prevent water loss, animals have earwax to clean and protect ears
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35
Q

Steroids traits and examples (4)

A
  • Basic structures of four rings of carbon atoms
  • Insoluble i water
  • basis of many hormones
  • Ex: Testosterone and Estrogen
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36
Q

Cholesterol traits and examples (3)

A
  • Type of steroid
  • key component of cell membrane
  • two types: LDL and HDL
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37
Q

LDL Cholesterol (4)

A
  • Low density lipoproteins
  • bad cholesterol
  • caused by saturated and trans fats
  • causes fatty deposits in arteries (restricts blood flow and causes heart disease and stroke)
38
Q

HDL Cholesterol (2)

A
  • High density lipoprotein
  • good Cholesterol
39
Q

Proteins

A

Type of macromolecule made of amino acids

40
Q

Amino acids (2)

A
  • Protein monomers
  • Contain Carboxyl and amino groups
  • CHON
41
Q

Dipeptides

A

two amino acids joined by a peptide bond formed through dehydration synthesis

42
Q

Polypeptides

A

Chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds formed through dehydration synthesis

43
Q

Essential amino acids

A
  • Cannot be made in the body
  • must be obtained from food
  • 9/20 of amino acids are essential amino acids
44
Q

Primary structure of polypeptides (5)

A
  • Polypeptide chain
  • sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
  • Coded for by genes
  • Made through protein synthesis
  • varies in length
45
Q

Secondary structure of polypeptides (4)

A
  • Polypeptide chain gets folded
  • form alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
  • folding made possible by hydrogen bonds between carbonyl and amino groups of different amino acids
46
Q

Alpha Helix

A

Polypeptide chain is coiled into a ribbon-like helix (curl)

47
Q

Beta Pleated sheet

A

Polypeptide chain is folded into segments that line up be side each other ( n shape)

48
Q

Tertiary structure structure of polypeptides (

A
  • Polypeptide Alpha Helix and Beta pleated sheet gets folded into 3D structure (tangle)
  • Based on R group reactions
    • Hydrophobic will “hide” on
      the inside
    • Hydrophilic portions will be
      on the outside
  • Held by ionic and hydrogen bonds
49
Q

Quaternary structure of polypeptides (5)

A
  • two or more polypeptide chains bond together (bigger tangle)
  • Each chain is a subunit
  • Held by hydrogen and ionic bonds
50
Q

Digestive enzymes

A

Break down food molecules in the stomach so they can be absorbed in the small intestine
Ex: lipase, amylase, pepsin, lactase

51
Q

Contractile Proteins

A

Filaments in the muscles that slide over each other to allow animals to move
Ex: Actin and Myosin

52
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Move substances around the body in the blood or lymph systems
Ex: hemoglobin binds to oxygen

53
Q

Defense proteins

A

White blood cells produce antibodies to fight of harmful pathogens. The antibodies can neutralize it or mark it for destruction

54
Q

Hormones

A

Regulate functions of the body by traveling in the blood to target organs
Ex: insulin controls blood glucose levels

55
Q

Structural proteins

A

build different structures in the cells in our bodies like the cytoskeleton
Ex: keratin, which makes hair

56
Q

Storage proteins

A

Provide a source of food for developing embryos in some animals like chickens, and for seedlings in some plants
Ex: albumin in eggs

57
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Type of macromolecule that carry important information. There are 2 types: DNA & RNA

58
Q

Nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids monomers

59
Q

DNA

A

Deoxribonucleic Acid, found in the nucleus of the cell

60
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic Acid, found in the nucleus and cytoplasm

61
Q

Nucleotide structure

A

CHONP
1 phosphate group
Nitrogenous base (DNA has 4, RNA has 1)
Pentose sugar

62
Q

DNA Nitrogenous bases

A

Adeine, Thymine, Guamine, cyosine
A –> T
G –> C

63
Q

RNA Nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, Uracil, Guamine, cyosine

64
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Nitrogenous bases with single rings
(Thymine and Cyosine)

65
Q

Purines

A

Nitrogenous bases with two rings
(Adenine and Guamine)

66
Q

DNA Structure (4)

A
  • double heilix
  • has base pairs
  • Long molecule
  • Anti-parallel
67
Q

DNA Functions

A
  • Contains genetic information
  • Passes on to offspring
  • Controls cells activities
68
Q

RNA Structure

A
  • single stranded
  • shorter than DNA
  • broken down quickly
69
Q

RNA functions

A
  • various functions
  • important in protein synthesis
70
Q

Transfer RNA

A

carries amino acids

71
Q

Messanger RNA

A

used to build proteins

72
Q

Ribsomal RNA

A

makes up part of ribosomes

73
Q

Enzymes traits (4)

A
  • Biological catalysts
  • speed up reactions in the body without being used up
  • they lower activation energy for reactions
  • have distinct shapes because of their tertiary structure
74
Q

How do enzymes work (4)

A
  1. float around
  2. collide with a substrate that matches their activation site
  3. Substrate binds to the active site
  4. Substrate bonds broken and are released, enzyme remains unchanged
    (can be reversed where substrates are rebonded)
75
Q

Can enzymes change shape?

A

Yes, active sites can change to better fit a substrate (AKA induced fit)

76
Q

pH affect on enzymes (3)

A
  • affects how well it functions
  • Different enzymes have optimal pH where it works best
  • When pH is too far outside of the range, the enzyme becomes denatured
77
Q

Denatured

A

When an enzym’s hydrogen bonds that give it its shape is disrupted and changes the active site shape. Can be permanent

78
Q

pH scale

A

0-6 = acidic
7 = neutral
8-14 = Basic

79
Q

Temperature affect on enzymes

A
  • Different organisms have different environmental and body temperatures
  • more heat means more kinetic energy which means faster rate of reaction
  • too hot causes denatureing of the enzyme
80
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

bonds to the active site of an enzyme in direct competition with substrates

80
Q

non-competitive inhibitors

A
  • a molecule that can bind to another site on the enzyme
  • causes active site to change shape
  • can no longer catalyze reactions
81
Q

Enzyme concentration

A

As the concentration increases the rate of reaction increases and then plateaus as all the substrates are all catalyzed

82
Q

Substrate concentration

A

As the concentration increases the rate of reaction increases and then plateaus as all the active sites are occupied

83
Q

Cofactors

A

molecules that attach temporarily or permanently to help enzymes work at their optimum

84
Q

Iodine test

A

Tests for complex carbohydrates
Positive: Blue - black

85
Q

Benedict’s solution

A

Tests for simple carbohydrates
Positive: Yellow-green, orange

86
Q

Biuret Reagent

A

Tests for proteins
Positive: violet - purple

87
Q

Translucence test

A

Tests for lipids
Positive: see through marks on a paper bag

88
Q

Sudan III

A

Tests for lipids
Positive: clumping

89
Q

Sudan IV

A

Tests for lipids
Positive: pink —> red

Biology 20 (9 decks)

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