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Biology 20 > Circulatory system and Blood (8.1+8.2) > Flashcards

Circulatory system and Blood (8.1+8.2) Flashcards

8.1- Circulatory system 8.2 Blood and Immunity

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1
Q

Circulatory system

A

a system in the body that includes two loops. One loop delivers oxygenated blood to the body, the other delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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2
Q

Functions of the circulatory system (4)

A
  1. Transports:
    • O2 to the cells
    • Nutrients from the digestive
      system to the cells
    • hormones to the body cells
    • waste from body cells to
      excretory organs
  2. Distributes Body heat
  3. Maintains a constant pH in tissue fluids
  4. Prevents infections
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3
Q

The systemic system

A

Carries blood throughout the the body and elives nutrients and oxygen while removing oxygen and waste (except heart and lungs)

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4
Q

The pulmonary system

A

Caries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs where CO2 is eliminated and oxygen is picked up, then brings it to the left side of the heart where it is distributed to the systemic system

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5
Q

The coronary system

A

provides blood to the heart via the coronary arteries

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6
Q

Name the parts of the heart & label in 8.1 notes book (pg 3)

A

Right side (view left side):
Aorta
Superior Vena cava
Right Atrium
AV Valve
Right Ventricle
Inferior Vena cava

Left side (view right side):
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
AV valve
Left ventricles
Septum

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7
Q

Layers of Heart

A

Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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8
Q

Pericardium

A

(around) Thin closed sac surrounding the heart filled with clear liquid that reduces friction when beating

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9
Q

Myocardium

A

(middle) Middle layer of the heart wall, made mostly of cardiac muscle

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10
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner layer that forms the heart chamber lining

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11
Q

Heart chambers

A

there’s 4 of them
- The 2 atria
- the 2 ventricles

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12
Q

Atria

A

two chambers that hold blood that enters the heart from the systemic and pulmonary systems

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13
Q

Ventricles

A

Strong chambers that pump blood to the tissues in the body

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14
Q

Heart valves

A

There’s 4
- 2 AV valves
- 2 semi-lunar valves

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15
Q

AV Valves

A

Between the atria and ventricles that consist of two or three flaps of tissue
- Left side has the bicuspid valve (two flaps of tissue)
- Right side has the tricuspid valve (three flaps)

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16
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Found where the blood vessels attach to the ventricles (pulmonary artery and Aorta) that consist of three flaps of tissue that resemble half moons

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17
Q

Apex

A

The bottom of the heart

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18
Q

Dorsal

A

The back

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19
Q

Chordae tendonae

A

Anchors the valves and pulls them open an shut

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20
Q

Arteries function

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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20
Q

Arteries traits (6)

A
  • Thick muscular walls with three tissue layers
  • Stretch to accommodate rushing blood
  • Blood flows according to elasticity
  • Various sizes
  • Smaller ones are Arterioles
  • branch to capillaries
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20
Q

Veins Traits (5)

A
  • Branch into venules, the veins
  • Walls are thinner and weaker than arteries
  • Pressure of blood is less so more valves to push blood back to the heart
  • Contraction of skeletal muscles surrounding veins help with blood flow
  • Start off small then converge
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21
Q

Veins function

A

Carries blood back to the heart

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21
Q

Largest veins

A

superior and inferior vena cava in the heart

22
Q

Largest artery

A

The aorta in the heart

23
Q

Capillaries Function

A

Gas exchange system

24
Q

Capillaries Traits (6)

A
  • Thin walls through which nutrients and waste can pass
  • Site of exchange between blood and tissue
  • Permeable by O2, CO2, water soluble ions, vitamins, proteins
  • Oxygen diffuses through them, CO2 and wastes moves the other way
  • uses Endocytosis, exocytosis, osmosis and diffusion
  • Fragile and easily burst
25
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of blood vessels from constriction of smooth muscle fibers (turning white when we get frightened is constricting)

26
Q

Vesodilation

A

Widening of blood cells caused by relaxation of muscle fibers (turning red when we get embarrassed is relaxing)

27
Q

Valves closed when Ventricles contract

A

Bicuspid and tricuspid

28
Q

Systole

A

First half of the heart beat, contraction (higher)

29
Q

Diastole

A

Second half of the heart beat, relaxing (lower)

30
Q

A Pulse

A

Arterial walls bulge then contract with the heart beat

31
Q

Electrical system of the heart (name then label in book)

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. Bundle of his
  4. Bundle of branches
  5. Purkinje Fibers
32
Q

Heart beat mechanics

A
  1. SA node acts as pacemaker
  2. SA contracts Atria
  3. AV node delays impulse for Atria to empty
  4. Impulse travels up the bundle of his and the Purkenje
  5. Causes ventricles to contract
33
Q

What makes the heart beat noise?

A

Valves opening and closing

34
Q

P wave

A

First bump on a heart rate monitor, signaling Atrial contraction

35
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

heart monitor

36
Q

QRS

A

The big up spike and small down spike on heart rate monitor, signaling Ventricular contraction

37
Q

T

A

Small bump on heart rate monitor after the spike, signaling the recovery phase

38
Q

Recovery phase purpose

A

To reset ions so the heart can beat again

39
Q

Tachycardia

A

Fast heart rate

40
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow heart rate

41
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Irregular heart rate

42
Q

Blood pressure monitor

A

Measures Systolic and Diastolic pressure

43
Q

How to calculate the volume of your Cardiac output

A

Heart rate x 70 (mL per beat) = total volume in mL

44
Q

Why is blood a connective tissue

A

It is a group of cells working together for a common purpose all over the body, so it is technically a tissue.

45
Q

Blood contents

A

Plasma - 55%
Red blood cells - 44%
Platelets and WBC - less than 1%

46
Q

Red Blood cells traits (8)

A
  • AKA Erythrocytes
  • small
  • 44% of blood volume
  • specialized for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
  • Lives for Approx 120 days
  • Biconcave shape for increased surface area
  • DO NOT HAVE NUCLEI
  • packed with hemoglobin
47
Q

Hemoglobin

A

An iron containing molecule that chemically combines with oxygen

48
Q

RBC’s creation (5)

A

Produced in the bone marrow through Erythropoiesis
- Starts as a stem cell
- Becomes more specialized
- Ribosome synthesis
- Hemoglobin accumulation
- Ejection of nucleus

49
Q

White blood cells

A
  • AKA Leukocytes
  • Response to infection
  • Approx 1% of blood volume
  • Have Nuclei
  • appear colorless
  • 3 kinds (Granulocytes, Monocytes, Lymphocytes)
50
Q

Granulocytes

A

Found in circulating blood and meant to engulf and destroy foreign bodies (made of Neutrophils, Basophils and Eosinophils)

51
Q

Monocytes

A

Found in circulating blood to engulf and destroy foreign bodies but can also leave the bloodstream and become specialized as macrophages

52
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Nucleus is dark and takes up almost the whole cell, and some produce proteins called antibodies that recognize foreign bodies and allow for destruction.

53
Q

Differences between WBC and RBC (3)

A
  1. Nucleus (RBC lack it)
  2. Size (RBC smaller)
  3. Shape (RBC are biconcave)
54
Q

Platelets traits (5)

A
  • AKA thrombocytes
  • Fragments of cells that form when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart
  • No nuclei
  • Lives in blood from 2-8 days
  • Key role in blood clots
55
Q

Blood clotting Process

A

Injury to a blood vessel causes:
1. Substances released from the vessel attract platelets
2. Collecting platelets break apart into and release enzyme Thromboplastin
3. With calcium ions present the Thromboplastin reacts with prothrombin to produce thrombin
4. Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to produce fibril
5. Fibrin forms mesh around the injured area

56
Q

Blood clotting hormones order

A

Thromboplastin, reacts with Prothrombin, to make Thrombin, reacts with Fibrinogen, to make Fibril (TPTFF)

Biology 20 (9 decks)

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