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IB History of the Americas > The Development of Modern Nations 1865-1929 > Flashcards

The Development of Modern Nations 1865-1929 Flashcards

1
Q

What is modernization?

A

a process that involved the progressive transformation of the economic, political, and social structures of the countries of the region

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2
Q

What was the significance of the years 1865 and 1929?

A

1865- end of Civil War

1929- Great Depression

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3
Q

What was characteristic of the US during 1865-1929?

A

country was unified, settled,
and bound together by railroads, motorways, telegraph and telephone from East to
West

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4
Q

What was the 2nd half of the 19th century marked by?

A

explosion of railroad building

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5
Q

What happened on July 1, 1862?

A

the United States Congress passed the first of

a series of bills which encouraged the construction of a transcontinental railway

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6
Q

What were the two railroad companies and where did they construct?

A

the Central
Pacific and the Union Pacific were contracted to build the
railway, the former beginning in Sacramento, California and
the latter from Omaha, Nebraska

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7
Q

When and where did construction of the transcontinental railroad end?

A

May 10, 1869, the two met at Promontory Summit in Utah

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8
Q

What was the transcontinental railroad made of?

A

iron

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9
Q

What 3 types of groups worked on the transcontinental railroad?

A

Chinese laborers, Irish

immigrants, and newly demobilized soldiers

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10
Q

What were Chinese laborers called?

A

coolies

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11
Q

What did Congress and state give to the railroad companies that they in turn gave to immigrants?

A

land

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12
Q

When were refrigerated rail cars invented?

A

1870s

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13
Q

How much of the world’s track was in the US by 1913?

A

35%

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14
Q

What was President Grant’s 2nd term like?

A

was stained by charges ofcorruption and briben

tied to the railroad companies

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15
Q

Who made fortunes during railroad construction?

A

small group of men who set transport fees and engaged ir.

monopolistic business practice

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16
Q

When did the railroad movement pass?

A

After WWI when cars and planes were created

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17
Q

What native tribe did the Canadian Pacific Railway have problems with?

A

Blackfoot First Nation

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18
Q

Who signed Treaty Number 7 and when?

A

Blackfoot chief, Isapo-Muxica (Crowfoot) in 1877

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19
Q

What did Treaty Number 7 do?

A

granted British crown much of the Canadian prairies

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20
Q

What happened on the 1st attempt for Canada to construct a transcontinental railroad?

A

brought down Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald government in 1874 in the Pacific Continental

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21
Q

When was the Canadian transcontinental railroad completed?

A

November 7, 1885

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22
Q

How long did it now take to cross Canada by railroad?

A

6 days

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23
Q

What happened in Argentina in 1889>

A

The economic crisis of
1889 led both the national and provincial governments to
sell their stakes in the railroad companies to British investors.

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24
Q

How did Chile use the railroad and when?

A

to end independence of Araucanian native in the south in 1880-1882

25
Q

Who was Henry Meiggs?

A

an American engineer, financier and con
man was involved in building some of the most important
railroads in Chile and then Peru

26
Q

Which railroad line had the highest gauge until recently?

A

Callao-Lima -Oraya

line

27
Q

What did railroad construction lead to in Brazil?

A

triggered

off the Contestado revolt

28
Q

When was the railroad system finished in Mexico and who owned it?

A

1910 and owned by US banks and corporations

29
Q

What have historians dubbed the era from 1865-1929?

A

The Great Surge

30
Q

When was the US known as the world’s largest economy?

A

1900

31
Q

What was the US known for by 1900?

A

manufacturing, inventiveness, and big corporations

32
Q

Who was Henry Bessemer?

A

patented process in 1856 to mass produce steel

33
Q

What happened on May 10, 1876?

A

President Grant and the

Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro opened the Machinery Hall

34
Q

By 1920 describe US population?

A

population tripled, more people in urban areas than rural

35
Q

What were the final decades of the 19th Century as coined by an author?

A

The Gilded Age

36
Q

Who coined this period The Gilded Age?

A

Mark Twain and Charles

Dudley Warner

37
Q

What was The Gilded Age known for?

A

corrupt politics and business practices

38
Q

What is vertical integration?

A

control all aspects of a certain industry, from the
manufacture to the transport and finally the distribution and
sale of the goods

39
Q

What was Gustavus Swift important for?

A

cattle

40
Q

What was J. Pierpont Morgan important for?

A

banking

41
Q

What was Andrew Carnegie important for?

A

steel and railroads

42
Q

What was Jay Cooke important for?

A

finance

43
Q

What was John D. Rockefeller important for?

A

oil

44
Q

What was Jay Gould important for?

A

railroads and finance

45
Q

What was Leland Stanford important for?

A

railroads

46
Q

Who led The American Federation of Labor?

A

Samuel Gomper

47
Q

What type of period did Latin America enter?

A

neocolonialism

48
Q

How was Brazil’s economy characterized?

A

dependent of exports

49
Q

When were refrigerated ships invented and what did the cause in Argentina?

A

1880s and a cattle farming boom

50
Q

What was import-substitution

industrialization (ISI)?

A

the local production of many of the goods that had formerly

been imported in

51
Q

What was the labor union in Argentina?

A

Union General de Trabajadores

52
Q

What was the labor union in Brazil?

A

Brazilian Workers Confederation

53
Q

What did the US do in 1889?

A

convened the First International American
Congress, or Pan-American Congress, in Washington, D.C. in
1889 in order to promote trade and maintain peace

54
Q

What formed due to the Pan-American Congress?

A

International Bureau of American Affairs

55
Q

What did International Bureau of American Affairs become in 1910?

A

Pan-American Union

56
Q

What did the International Bureau of American Affairs become after WWII?

A

Organization of American States

57
Q

When did US begin investing in Cuba?

A

1898

58
Q

What crop grew due to the war in the Americas and why?

A

sugar because previously Allies got it from Austria-Hungary

59
Q

What formed in 1899 and what did it control?

A

United Fruit Company and controlled most of Honduras and Guatemala

IB History of the Americas (13 decks)

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