The Development of Modern Nations 1865-1929 Flashcards
What is modernization?
a process that involved the progressive transformation of the economic, political, and social structures of the countries of the region
What was the significance of the years 1865 and 1929?
1865- end of Civil War
1929- Great Depression
What was characteristic of the US during 1865-1929?
country was unified, settled,
and bound together by railroads, motorways, telegraph and telephone from East to
West
What was the 2nd half of the 19th century marked by?
explosion of railroad building
What happened on July 1, 1862?
the United States Congress passed the first of
a series of bills which encouraged the construction of a transcontinental railway
What were the two railroad companies and where did they construct?
the Central
Pacific and the Union Pacific were contracted to build the
railway, the former beginning in Sacramento, California and
the latter from Omaha, Nebraska
When and where did construction of the transcontinental railroad end?
May 10, 1869, the two met at Promontory Summit in Utah
What was the transcontinental railroad made of?
iron
What 3 types of groups worked on the transcontinental railroad?
Chinese laborers, Irish
immigrants, and newly demobilized soldiers
What were Chinese laborers called?
coolies
What did Congress and state give to the railroad companies that they in turn gave to immigrants?
land
When were refrigerated rail cars invented?
1870s
How much of the world’s track was in the US by 1913?
35%
What was President Grant’s 2nd term like?
was stained by charges ofcorruption and briben
tied to the railroad companies
Who made fortunes during railroad construction?
small group of men who set transport fees and engaged ir.
monopolistic business practice
When did the railroad movement pass?
After WWI when cars and planes were created
What native tribe did the Canadian Pacific Railway have problems with?
Blackfoot First Nation
Who signed Treaty Number 7 and when?
Blackfoot chief, Isapo-Muxica (Crowfoot) in 1877
What did Treaty Number 7 do?
granted British crown much of the Canadian prairies
What happened on the 1st attempt for Canada to construct a transcontinental railroad?
brought down Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald government in 1874 in the Pacific Continental
When was the Canadian transcontinental railroad completed?
November 7, 1885
How long did it now take to cross Canada by railroad?
6 days
What happened in Argentina in 1889>
The economic crisis of
1889 led both the national and provincial governments to
sell their stakes in the railroad companies to British investors.
How did Chile use the railroad and when?
to end independence of Araucanian native in the south in 1880-1882
Who was Henry Meiggs?
an American engineer, financier and con
man was involved in building some of the most important
railroads in Chile and then Peru
Which railroad line had the highest gauge until recently?
Callao-Lima -Oraya
line
What did railroad construction lead to in Brazil?
triggered
off the Contestado revolt
When was the railroad system finished in Mexico and who owned it?
1910 and owned by US banks and corporations
What have historians dubbed the era from 1865-1929?
The Great Surge
When was the US known as the world’s largest economy?
1900
What was the US known for by 1900?
manufacturing, inventiveness, and big corporations
Who was Henry Bessemer?
patented process in 1856 to mass produce steel
What happened on May 10, 1876?
President Grant and the
Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro opened the Machinery Hall
By 1920 describe US population?
population tripled, more people in urban areas than rural
What were the final decades of the 19th Century as coined by an author?
The Gilded Age
Who coined this period The Gilded Age?
Mark Twain and Charles
Dudley Warner
What was The Gilded Age known for?
corrupt politics and business practices
What is vertical integration?
control all aspects of a certain industry, from the
manufacture to the transport and finally the distribution and
sale of the goods
What was Gustavus Swift important for?
cattle
What was J. Pierpont Morgan important for?
banking
What was Andrew Carnegie important for?
steel and railroads
What was Jay Cooke important for?
finance
What was John D. Rockefeller important for?
oil
What was Jay Gould important for?
railroads and finance
What was Leland Stanford important for?
railroads
Who led The American Federation of Labor?
Samuel Gomper
What type of period did Latin America enter?
neocolonialism
How was Brazil’s economy characterized?
dependent of exports
When were refrigerated ships invented and what did the cause in Argentina?
1880s and a cattle farming boom
What was import-substitution
industrialization (ISI)?
the local production of many of the goods that had formerly
been imported in
What was the labor union in Argentina?
Union General de Trabajadores
What was the labor union in Brazil?
Brazilian Workers Confederation
What did the US do in 1889?
convened the First International American
Congress, or Pan-American Congress, in Washington, D.C. in
1889 in order to promote trade and maintain peace
What formed due to the Pan-American Congress?
International Bureau of American Affairs
What did International Bureau of American Affairs become in 1910?
Pan-American Union
What did the International Bureau of American Affairs become after WWII?
Organization of American States
When did US begin investing in Cuba?
1898
What crop grew due to the war in the Americas and why?
sugar because previously Allies got it from Austria-Hungary
What formed in 1899 and what did it control?
United Fruit Company and controlled most of Honduras and Guatemala
