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Geography > The development gap > Flashcards

The development gap Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development

A

It is the progress a country has made in terms of economic growth, use of technology and human welfare

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2
Q

How can economic development be measured

A

by GNI (gross national income)
which is the measure of wealth and income of a country

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3
Q

How is quality of life measured

A

by HDI (human development index)

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4
Q

What does the HDI measure

A
  • life expectancy at birth
  • adult literacy rates
  • GNI per head
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5
Q

Examples of development indicators

A
  • Infant mortality rate
  • Birth rate
  • Death rate
  • Literacy rates
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6
Q

What are limits of economic and social measures

A

A single measure of development can give a false picture as it gives the average for the whole country
- data may be out of date
- data may be unreliable
- government corruption

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7
Q

Why is the HDI probably the most useful measure

A

as it combines 3 separate measures which combine, health, wealth and education

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8
Q

What is the demographic transition model

A

shows changes over time in a population of a country

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9
Q

what is natural change

A

gap between birth rate and death

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10
Q

What is stage 1 of the demographic transition model

A

Least developed
- High birth rate
- High death rates

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11
Q

What is stage 2 of the demographic transition model

A

LICs
- Decreasing death rate
- Birth rate remains high
- growing population

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12
Q

What is stage 3 of the demographic transition model

A

NEEs
- Birth rate rapidly drops
- Death rates decreasing

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13
Q

What is stage 4 of the demographic transition model

A

HICs
- Low birth rate
- Low death rate
- Low growth

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14
Q

What is stage 5 of demographic transition model

A

HICs
- Low birth rate
- Death rates may rise due to ageing population
- Total population decrease

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15
Q

Physical causes of uneven development

A
  • Land-locked countries, they have no access to seas which makes trading hard
  • Climate, hot and dry climates with insufficient rainfall making agriculture extremely difficult
  • Extreme weather, tropical storms, droughts and floods often hit tropical regions, can slow down development and be costly to infrastructure
  • Tropical diseases, malaria is common in Africa making it difficult for the population to work
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16
Q

Economic causes of uneven development

A

-Trade, poorer countries often trade raw materials that have little economic value. Richer countries control trade and convert the raw materials into expensive items that can be traded for profit
- To break the circle the development of manufacturing is needed which costs money and infrastructure to export it

17
Q

Historical causes of uneven development

A
  • Colonialism, many of African belonged to European powers and were run for their benefits, although they have gained independence many have struggled to reconstruct their economy
  • Suffer from corruption and political instability from different ethnic groups
18
Q

Consequences of uneven development

A
  • Disparities in wealth
  • Disparities in health
  • International migration
19
Q

How does uneven development cause disparities in wealth and health

A
  • clear link between a country’s development and the wealth of its people, wealth and health are linked
  • LIC’s can not afford good health care
  • LIC’s child mortality rates are high and diseases are the main cause of death
  • HIC’s main cause of death are from chronic diseases e.g. cancer
  • Malaria in Africa causes a child to die every minute even though it is curable and preventable
20
Q

How does uneven development cause international migration

A
  • Due to civil wars or famine, large numbers of people have to leave as refugees searching for safety
  • Some move in search for better jobs and wages, fuelled by inequality of countries (economic migrants)
21
Q

What strategies can reduce the development gap

A
  1. Aid
  2. Fair trade
  3. Intermediate technology
  4. Investments
  5. Debt relief
  6. Microfinance loans
  7. Industrial development
  8. Tourism
22
Q

How do investments help to close the development gap

A
  • TNC’s invest into countries
    Investments can involve
  • Development of infrastructure such as roads, water
  • Construction of dams to provide electricity
  • Development of new industries
    Investment can supply employment and income, poverty decreases and education improves
23
Q

How does industrial development help to close the development gap

A
  • Can bring employment, higher incomes and opportunities to invest into housing, education and infrastructure
  • The ‘multiplier effect’
24
Q

How does tourism help to close the development gap

A
  • Tourism has lead to investments and increased income from abroad which can be used to improve infrastructure and housing
  • Tourism can generate a lot of income but is vulnerable in times of economic recession
25
Q

How does aid reduce the development gap

A
  • Aid can enable countries to invest in development projects such as roads, electricity and water management that can bring long term benefits
  • local scale aid can improve peoples quality of life
26
Q

What is intermediate technology

A
  • sustainable technology that is appropriate to the needs, skills, knowledge and wealth of local people
  • it must be suitable for the local environment and must not put people out of work
27
Q

How does intermediate technology reduce the development gap

A
  • Takes the form of small scale projects often associated with agriculture, water or health
  • can make a difference in peoples quality of life
28
Q

How do rich countries protect their trade

A

using
- Tariffs, taxes paid on imports, make imported goods more expensive and less attractive than home produced goods
- Quotas, limits on the quantity of goods that can be imported, usually applied to primary products so affect poorer countries

29
Q

What is free trade

A

Where countries do not charge tariffs or quotas to restrict trade to each other, can benefit the worlds poorest countries and reduce the development gap

30
Q

What is fairtrade

A

Sets the standards for trade with poorer countries, seeks to reduce the development gap by improving the quality of life for ordinary farmers

31
Q

What does fairtrade do

A
  • ensures the farmer gets all the money from the sale of the crop
  • guarantees the farmer a fair price
  • Part of the price is invested in the local community development projects
  • in return the farmer must farm in an environmentally friendly way
32
Q

How can debt relief reduce the development gap

A
  • Helps poor countries invest money in development projects such as industry, infrastructure
  • cancelling debt some countries use the money to improve the quality of life for their people
  • Tanzania free education is now available
33
Q

What is microfinance

A
  • small scale financial support set up especially to help the poor
  • enable individuals or families to start up small businesses and help themselves become self sufficient
  • employment opportunities increase and income rises

Geography (12 decks)

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