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Middle East > The Democratic Monarchical And Authoritarian Arab States > Flashcards

The Democratic Monarchical And Authoritarian Arab States Flashcards

1
Q

who was president of Egypt 1970s?

A

Anwar Sadat 1970-81

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2
Q

What was Sadats policy for Egypt?

A

-‘Egypt first policy’ abandonment of Pan-Arabism.
-1972 spoke of battle with Israel
-1975 onwards was different with Israel through him flying there in 1977

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3
Q

How did Syrias president react to Sadat recognising Israel?

A

-this is treason the Arab nation will never forgive you.
-showed Arab nationalism was a thing of the past.

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4
Q

When did Sadat sign a peace treaty with Israel?

A

-1979

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5
Q

Key aspects of Sadats domestic policy?

A

-relaxed some harsher aspects of Nasser’s rule
-press was allowed more freedom
-allowed political parties but ensured government party Arab Socialist union dominated parliament
-encouraged more private enterprise to attract foreign investment from rich Arab states to increase tech advancement
-economic growth in 1979s yet gov were in debt
-growth benefited a small number
-when gov halved subsidies for basic food there were violent riots in nightclubs and venues only the rich could afford were burned down.
-gov restored subsidies
-discontent over increase nepotism

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6
Q

Sadats growing militancy key aspects?

A

-Muslim brotherhood reappeared members focused on increase of western influence e.g dress and alcohol.
-1981 sept Sadat feared an attempt to overthrow him and ordered the arrest of 1500 people

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7
Q

When was Sadat killed and by who?

A

-Oct 1981 gunned down by a group of islamists in the army

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8
Q

When did Mubarak become president of Egypt?

A

-1981

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9
Q

Aspects of Mubaraks rule?

A

-ruled in a similar authoritarian manor to Sadat
-initially let press and political parties more freedom
-Muslim brotherhood the biggest opposition party but like Sadat, Mubarak’s party continued to win
-most of reign was domestic stability and economic development.
-close ally of the US
-Arab states more accepting

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10
Q

Why did the Muslim brotherhood not like Mubaraks rule?

A

Dependence on the US and relations with Israel
Due to the pressure more elements of Islamic law were incorporated

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11
Q

What happened in Egypt in the 1990 under Mubarak?

A

-most militant Islamic group launched a series of attacks on government ministers
-the security forces clamped down hard

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12
Q

Why did Mubarak leave?

A

-after a wave of mass protests in the Arab spring of 2011 he stepped down and handed party to Arab leaders

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13
Q

how did ataturk come to power?

A

-1918 after the war was appointed by the sultan (ruler of ottoman turkey) to disband military forces as ordered by the allies
-instead he called on his country to rise up and rid the country of foreign occupiers.

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14
Q

what did Ataturk do to turkey?

A

-westernised it proclaimed a republic in Oct 1923
-introduced a new legal code
-used the wests alphabet instead of Arabic one

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15
Q

how did Ataturk change Turkey’s religion?

A

-tried to transform Turkey into a secular state
-islamic schools and law courts ended.
-1928 the article in the constitution which stated that religion of turkey is islam was deleted.
-1935 surnames were introduced

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16
Q

how did Ataturk change politics in Turkey?

A

-democracy was held through the Grand National Assembly.
-his party Republic peoples party was formed in 1924 and ruled for 27 years
-the GNA had real power and Ataturk tried to use persuasion to get his way.

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17
Q

who’s mandate was iraq? and when granted independence?

A

-British mandate due to them suspecting it contained oil
-1932 but even then Britain kept 2 airbases and controlled the oil production

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18
Q

who was iraq’s Nuri Al-said?

A

prime minister in 1938
pro-british and dominated iraq for 20 years

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19
Q

what was iraq like in the 1940’s?

A

-economic, education improved
-country dominated by big landowners
-widespread discontent and resentment of British occupation.

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20
Q

how did Iraq deal with their oil?

A

-1952 persuaded BP to to agree that the profits from oil would be shared between iraq and the british company.
1958- after the coup secured more control over oil production.
1972- baathist gov took full control of oil
1973- joined other Arab states in reducing sales to western countries but also had the effect of driving up oil sales

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21
Q

when was Nuri Al-said overthrown?

A

-1958 military coup
-took Iraq out of the Bagdad pact
-persuaded brits to leave

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22
Q

when did the baathist party seize power in iraq?

A

-1968
-electricity brought to countryside
-roads, bridges, hospitals, schools and dams were built

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23
Q

when did Saddam Hussein become president of iraq?

A

-1979

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24
Q

what was Saddam Hussein like?

A

-brutal
-admirer Stalins use of Terror

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25
Q

what happened between Hussein and the kurds?

A
  • constant conflict
    -many of the Kurdish leaders were driven into exile or executed
26
Q

who helped the Kurds against Iraq? and why?

A

-1970s by Iran
-to weaken the state of Iraq due to them being seen as a rival
-due to the Iran Iraq war Kurds gained more of northern Iraq and Hussein felt stabbed in the back by the Kurds

27
Q

how did Iraq get revenge on the Kurds?

A

-their planes bombed Kurdish town of Halabja in Northern Iraq with chemical weapons 5k killed on site 12k later died

28
Q

how did Hussein attempt to solve the Kurdish issue?

A

-depopulate the Kurdish north
-used chemical weapons and mass executions
-180k killed and 100,000 refugees

29
Q

how is Iran a different Arab nation?

A

-people are mostly non-Arab and don’t speak Arabic
-mostly made up of Shia not Sunni muslims

30
Q

when did Reza shah take over Iran?

A

-1921
-made himself Shah in 1925

31
Q

how did Reza shah change Iran?

A

-westernisation
-reorganised the educational system
-compelled men and women to adopt European dress and discard the veil.
-roads and railways built.
-textile and steel industries established
-1930 4th biggest oil producer

32
Q

who became shah after Reza Shah?

A

-Muhammed reza shah after the second world war
-1941

33
Q

who was Mossadeq and what did he do?

A

-member of Iranian parliament
-believed that oil profits should belong with Iran
-gained huge support and in 1951 the shah was forced to appoint him as Prime minister and then the parliament passed a law to nationalise the oil company
-british then refused technicians, persuaded other western companies not to buy irans oil and imposed a blockade on irans ports.

34
Q

how was Mossadeq overthrown?

A

-Britains tried to persuade USA to help them by overplaying the Soviet threat as it was height of cold war and iran shared a long border.
-1953 US persuaded and with British help used threats and money to pressure Shah into replacing him

35
Q

what was the shah’s white revolution in the 1960s?

A
36
Q

what was the result of the Shah’s white revolution?

A

-transfer of land to poorer farmers.
-vote for women
-more schools
-doubling in rate of literacy.

37
Q

why did people oppose the Shah?

A

-new wealth only enjoyed by a minority
-dependence on west
-media that seemed not appropriate for Islam

38
Q

who was the Ayatollah?

A

-leader of opposition against the Shah and forced into exile by the Shah’s government.
-writings were smuggled into Iran.
-then became leader of iran

39
Q

how did the shah leave office?

A

-1978 huge strikes and demonstrations calling for the shah to abdicate
-often a million strong.
-jan 1979 Shah left to get treated for cancer and never returned
-Ayatollah ruled instead.

40
Q

how did the Ayatollah rule?

A

-islamic state established
-education islamic
-women had to cover heads
-alcohol, western music and Tv was banned
-anti-west

41
Q

what happened in 1979 in Iran?

A

-when the US government allowed the shah medical treatment in Nov millitant Iranian students stormed the US embassy and took 50 staff hostages

42
Q

why did Hussein go to war with Iran?

A

-Ayatollah was calling on iraqis to rise up and overthrow Hussein
-saw an opportunity to gain territory as Iran had several ports unlike iraq
-Iran was weak: economy in chaos, western boycott of trade and forces demoralised

43
Q

events of the Iran Iraq war?

A

-iraq invaded Iran in September 1980
-advanced far but within a month had been brought to a halt in Irans desert.
-turned to firing missiles at each others cities.
-within a year Iraqis forced back to their border
-Iraq had better firepower, but the manpower with revolutionary enthusiasm willing to become martyrs was extreme.
-within two years Iran recaptured all land and cut off sea port
-by 1984 both sides were locked in trench warfare along their border and in the gulf
-iranians expected a seize fire in 1988

44
Q

who did the west and Arab states support?

A

-most arab states supported iraq, especially oilfield and shiite countries and so supplied money and arms.
-US, France Germany and soviets more supportive of Iraq aswell.
-US support due to fear of iran controlling oil prices and collapse of pro-western regimes

45
Q

what was the outcome of the first Iran Iraq war?

A

-Iranians finally accepted a ceasefire in 1988, economy in ruins and faced the prospect of a war with the US.
-no peace treaty only a truce.
-nearly a million Iranians and half a million Iraqis died

46
Q

who become the leader of Iran after Khomeini?

A

-Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was elected president in 2005
-continued to appoint the heads of state organisations like the judiciary, the state media, the army etc.

47
Q

what happened after the Iran Iraq war, for Iraq?

A

-riots and strikes against Saddam Hussein.
- main threat to Saddam came from his army as many officers felt cheated of a victory and some privately blamed him.
-several attempts to get rid of him between 1988 and 1990.

48
Q

Why might have Hussein invaded Kuwait?

A

-to divert attention away from a growing military crisis in Bagdad.
-1990 when oil prices on the world market dropped steeply Saddam blamed Kuwait for deliberately causing the fall by over-production.
-also angry that Kuwait was pressing Iraq to repay the 14 billion it had lent to Iraq during the war with Iran.
-Saddam stressed that the Iraqi people had made great sacrifices in fighting, and was protecting countries like Kuwait.

49
Q

what were the events of the first gulf war?

A

-fighting started with an air assault by US forces in Iraq in Jan 1991.
-Saddam fired scud missiles to Israel in the hopes that it would create a split between the west and their Arab allies, but the US persuaded the Israelis not to retaliate.
-Feb ground attack began and Iraqis driven out of Kuwait but torched the oil wells.
-the US president called on the Kurds in the north and the Shiites in the south to stand up against Saddam.
-in the Shia south about 50,000 were killed by Saddam’s forces so the west established no fly zones.

50
Q

how did the first gulf war come to an end?

A

-west stopped short of Bagdad as their UN mission had been restricted to the liberation of Kuwait and Arabs would not have supported a US overthrow of Saddam.

51
Q

what peace terms were given following the first gulf war?

A

-recognition of Kuwaits sovereignty
-payment of reparations
-imposition of no fly zones in the Kurdish north and south
-Iraqi cooperation with the UN to uncover and destroy all weapons of mass destruction
-agreement of a wide range of trade sanctions.

52
Q

what caused the US’s suspicions over the WMD?

A

-Saddam’s brother in law told people in Jordan that Saddam’s second son had been given the job of hiding Iraq’s WMD.

53
Q

What were the impact of the sanctions on Iraq?

A

-prevented from importing machinery, fertilisers, medicines and even books and was only allowed to sell a small amount of oil.
-previously had been importing 70% of its food and as a result between a quarter and half a million children died as a result of sanctions

54
Q

how did the US manage to invade Iraq?

A

-USA claimed that Iraq still had WMD and feared that Al-qaida might get his hands on them, no evidence of link between Qaida and Iraq but the US were set on invading and looked for excuses.
-asked UN to send in weapons inspectors and no WMD were found, didn’t have full UN approval but invaded anyway.

55
Q

events of the US’s invasion into Iraq 2003?

A

-started with aerial bombardment followed by land invasion and there was very little resistance and the capital fell after just three weeks.

56
Q

what happened after the second Iraq war?

A

-many Iraqi cities experienced a complete breakdown of law and order and for millions of Iraqis the quality of daily life deteriorated

57
Q

what was the resistance after the second Iraq war?

A

-resistance started almost immediately
-when they decided to abolish Saddam’s army suddenly 350,000 soldiers were demobilised kept their guns and joined the resistance 20-50,000 were actively involved in the insurgency.
-rebuilding of Iraq was neglected and the insurgents to keep support away from the US deliberately bombed water sewage and electricity facilities.
-final troops left Iraq in 2011.

58
Q

what were Kamal’s six arrows?

A

-1937
-reformism
-republicanism
-secularism
-nationalism
-populism
-etatism

59
Q

who came to power in 2000 in Syria?

A

-Bashar Al-Assad
-allowed for more freedom but didn’t last long
-refuses cooperation with the US.
-wealth benefited the top percentage

60
Q

what happened in Syria in 1963?

A

-coup that brought baathist back in power led by al-Assad, he became president in 1970

61
Q

when did Al-assad in Syria become PM?

A

-1970

62
Q

what was the black september?

A

-Jordanian civil war in sept 1970
-attempt by the PLO to topple King Hussein and seize control of the country
-Arafat and the PLO were expelled from Jordan by early 1971.

Middle East (11 decks)

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