the criminal justice system - done

Question 1

crime prevention and control

Answer 1

situational - displacment
environmental - zero tolerance and evidence
social and community - perry pre school project

Question 2

surveillance

Answer 2

Foucault birth of the prison, and criticisisms
surveillance theories since Foucault- synipric and surveillant assemblages,

Question 3

punishment

Answer 3

reduction and retribution
durkheim two types of justice
marxism capitalism and punishment - changing role of prisosns, imprisonment today

Question 4

victims of crime

Answer 4

positivist victimology
critical victimology
the impact of victomisation

Question 5

what is situational crime prevention

Answer 5

ron clarke - aimed at reducing opportunitites - directed at specific crime, manage immediate crime environment, aim to increase effort and risk for crime. ‘target hardening’[ increased security and surveillance - takes a RCT approach -
FELSON - bus terminal NYC was poorly designed and made way for deviance - improvment reduced this

Question 6

what is displacment

Answer 6

is a criticisms od SCP - if criminals are rational they will target softer places. it takes several form: spatial, temporal, target, tactical. functional

Question 7

what is environment crime prevention

Answer 7

wilson and kellings - broken windows thesis - all signs of disorder in neighbourhood and lack of concern e.g. noise littering and grafitti, leaving these unattended makes it seem tolerable, there is lack of formal and social control in neighborhoods, police focus on more serious crime and have a blind eye for others

Question 8

what is EVC’s zero tolerance

Answer 8

environmental improvement strategy - any broken window must be repaired instantly, otherwise more will follow
zero tolerance policing strat - must tackle the slightest bit of disorder immediately - halts neighborhood decline and roots for serious crime

Question 9

evidence for EVC

Answer 9

50% homicide rate decreased in 1993-96 because of cracdown in police precincts - not clear if ZT is to blame - 7000 extra officers, already a general decline, more jobs available, attempted homicide remained high, crack harder to get

Question 10

what is Social crime prevention

Answer 10

place emphasis on the potential offenders - remove what makes criminals criminals in the first place - long term prevention

Question 11

what is perrys preschool project

Answer 11

2 year experimental intellectual enrichmetn programme for 3-4yr olds - they recieved weekly visists, aimed at disadvantaged black kids, long term study found in a non controlled group and their group was a significant dif. age 40 fewer lifetime crimes, more finished HS and were employed

Question 12

Foucault birth of the prison, and criticisisms

Answer 12

he identifies 2 types of punishment - soverign (monarch had power over people) and disciplinary power (govern body or soul through surveillance).. panopticon - guard can see all inmates but cannot be seen.

criticisised as he overestimates the power of surveillance to change behviour - cctv displaces crime

Question 13

synoptic surveillance

Question 14

surveillant assembleges

Answer 14

haggerty and ericson - cctv can now been combined with facial recognition - this is called surveillant assemblages. technology has evolved making it easier to catch criminals

Question 15

reduction and retribution

Answer 15

reduction - deterrence (punishing discourages), rehabilitation (reform offenders), incapacitation (remove capability to offend again) - reduction is a instrumental approach
retribution - ‘paying back’ way society gets its revenge on criminal - expressive view

Question 16

Durkheim 2 types of justice

Answer 16

retributive - the punishment is a severe and cruel, collective consciousness of society
restitutive - aims to restore things to how they were before the crime - restores equilibrium

Question 17

marxism capitalism and punishment

Answer 17

purpose is to maintain social order, Thompson said in 18th century hanging was a rule of terror over the poor, under capitalism imprisonment is the most common punishment - factories and prisons are similar - do time to pay for crime

Question 18

the changing role of prisons

Answer 18

up until the 18th century prison wasn’t seen as a punishment hence why execution, banishment and other punishments were created, after enlightenment prisons were seen as bad enough and prisoners were reformed through hard labour, religious instruction and surveillance

Question 19

imprisonment today

Answer 19

places that do not have the death penalty see that 2/3 of released prisoners go onto commit further crime. after 1997 the new labour gov saw - harsher sentences and overall make more of a detterent for crime. prisons doubled since then and there are many problems with prisons - overcrowding, barely edible food and more. 147/100,000 are imprisoned

Question 20

positivist victimology

Answer 20

MIERS - factors that produce patterns in victimization, focus on interpersonal crimes, contribution to own victimization.

Question 21

critical victimology

Answer 21

based on marxist and fem views: structural factors - patriachy an dpoverty make women and the poor at higher risk. states power to apply labels to victims or deny them

Question 22

impact of victimisation

Answer 22

secondary victimization - victims may suffer from the CJS - feminists say rape victims are treated poorly by police and courts
fear of victimization - women nowadays more scared to go out yet males experienc higher rates of violence against them