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Semester 4 - Head and Neck > The Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

The Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is cranial nerve 8?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

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2
Q

Which number is the abducens nerve?

A

CN VI

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3
Q

What number is the trochlear nerve?

A

CN IV

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4
Q

Name cranial nerve IX

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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5
Q

What is CN I?

A

Olfactory nerve

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6
Q

What is cranial nerve XI?

A

Accessory spinal nerve

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7
Q

Name cranial nerve XII?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

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8
Q

Which cranial nerves have autonomic components?

A

III, VII, IX and X

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9
Q

What is the function of CN I and how is this tested?

When might this function be inhibited?

A

Smell - use smelling salts one nostril at a time

Anosmia - temporary with URTI, permanent in Cribriform plate fracture

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10
Q

Describe the course of the olfactory nerve

A

Nasal mucosa –> Cribriform plate –> olfactory bulb in anterior cranial fossa

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11
Q

How would you test the optic nerve?

A 
Visual acuity
Colour vision
Visual fields
Pupillary reflexes
Fundoscopy
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12
Q

Describe the course of CN II

A

Retina –> optic canal –> optic tract –> primary visual cortex in occipital lobe

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13
Q

What are the functions of the oculomotor nerve?

A
  • motor to extra ocular muscles except LR and SO - moves eyeball
  • motor to LPS - opens eyelid
  • parasympathetic constricts pupil via sphincter pupillae
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14
Q

Describe the course of the oculomotor nerve

A

Motor begins in oculomotor nucleus of midbrain, parasympathetic begins in Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
Passes through cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure.

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15
Q

List the 3 major causes for oculomotor palsy?

A
  • increases intracranial pressure
  • aneurysm of the posterior cerebral artery
  • cavernous sinus infection
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16
Q

What are the 3 signs of oculomotor palsy, assuming damage is proximal to the ciliary ganglion?

A

Down and out pupil
Ptosis
Blown pupil

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17
Q

What is the function of CN IV?

A

Motor to superior oblique muscle so allows eye to move down and in

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18
Q

Describe the course of CN IV

A

Trochlear nucleus in midbrain –> cavernous sinus –> superior orbital fissure

19
Q

What signs would you find on examination if there was CN IV palsy?

A

Diplopia when looking down and in

Possible head tilt and neck stiffness

20
Q

What single problem could cause palsy of CNs III, IV and VI?

A

Cavernous sinus infection

21
Q

Give a brief overview of the course of CNV

A

Begins in pons - 1 sensory root and 1 motor root
In middle cranial fossa, sensory root forms trigeminal ganglion - V1 - superior orbital fissure
V2 - foramen rotundum
V3 - foramen ovale

22
Q

List the functions of the trigeminal nerve

A

Sensory to the face

Muscles of mastication

23
Q

Which nerve produces the corneal reflex?

A

V1

24
Q

What is the course of the abducens nerve?

A

Abducens nucleus in pons –> cavernous sinus –> superior orbital fissure

25
Q

What sign would indicate palsy of the 6th cranial nerve?

A

Inability to abduct the eye

26
Q

Describe the course of the facial nerve

A

Arises in the pons
Through IAM into facial canal
In facial canal, forms geniculate ganglion and gives off greater petrosal nerve, nerve to stapedius and chords tympani
Exits facial canal and cranium via style mastoid foramen
Runs to anterior to pinna - gives off posterior auricular and motor fibres to digastric and Stylohyoid
Continues to parotid - splits into 5 terminal branches

27
Q

List the functions of the facial nerve

A

Taste
Muscles of facial expression
Lacrimation
Salivation

28
Q

What is the most likely cause of facial nerve palsy?

A

Middle ear pathology

29
Q

Which foramen does CN VIII pass through?

A

IAM

When you think about this, it makes complete sense seeing as it supplies the ear

30
Q

What are the functions of the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Sensory to oropharynx, posterior tongue, carotid and parotid
Motor to stylopharyngeus
Parasympathetic to parotid

31
Q

What is the course of cranial nerves IX and X?

A

Originate in the medulla oblongata and pass through the jugular foramen

32
Q

What are the functions of the vagus nerve?

A

Sensory to laryngopharynx and ear
Motor to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles
Parasympathetic to heart, lungs and GI tract

33
Q

Which nerves are involved in the gag reflex?

A

CN IX - Afferent

CN X - efferent

34
Q

Where does the accessory nerve originate?

A

Spinal - C1 - C5

Medulla oblongata

35
Q

Which foramen does the hypoglossal nerve pass through?

A

Hypoglossal canal

36
Q

Compare and contrast deviation of the uvula and tongue?

A
  • uvula - vagus nerve - deviates away from lesion

- tongue - hypoglossal nerve - deviates towards lesion

37
Q

Why is frowning still possible in facial nerve palsy?

A

Frontalis muscle has bilateral innervation so it still receives innervation from the unaffected side

38
Q

What is Harlequin syndrome?

A
  • damage to autonomic fibres of CN V at level of thoracic cord
  • results in lack of sweating (anhydrosis) and vasomotor dysfunction (no vasodilation) after exercise on the affected side
39
Q

Which cranial nerves are located in the anterior triangle?
Of these, which are also in the carotid triangle?
What about the carotid sheath?

A

Anterior triangle - CNs VI, IX, X, XI and XII
Carotid triangle - CN X + XII
Carotid sheath - CN X only

40
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) is/are located in the posterior triangle?

A

CN XI

41
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the cavernous sinus?

A

III, IV, V1, V2 and VI

42
Q

State which CNs go through which cranial fossa

A

Anterior - I and II
Middle - III to VII
Posterior - VIII to XII

43
Q

Which cranial nerves originate from each of the following:
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

A

Midbrain - III and IV
Pons - V to VIII
Medulla - IX to XII

Semester 4 - Head and Neck (13 decks)

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