The concept of memory

Question 1

What is the definition of memory

Answer 1

The faculty or the ability to retain information or representations of a past experience, based on the mental (cognitive) process of learning

Question 2

What does memory have the function of?

Answer 2

Encoding, Storing and retrieving information (Squire 2009)

Question 3

What does learning mean

Answer 3

The acquisition of new knowledge, behaviours and skills

Question 4

What is memory the result of

Answer 4

Learning

Question 5

What is the multi store model

Answer 5

A model which describes the basic architecture of the memory system

Question 6

Who created the multi store model

Answer 6

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

Question 7

What is the order of the multi-store model

Answer 7

-Sensory stores each modality specific and hold information very briefly
-Short term of very limited capacity
-long term store of essentially unlimited capacity holding information over very long periods of time `

Question 8

What are the problems with short term storage

Answer 8

Very limited capacity and it assumes that all items of memory are of equal importance.

Question 9

What is long term memory

Answer 9

When information is retained for a very long time

Question 10

What does long term memory have

Answer 10

Unlimited storage capacity

Question 11

How does long term memory differ from short

Answer 11

In terms of capacity, durability and susceptibility of interference

Question 12

What are the criticisms of Atkinsons and Shiffrin’s model

Answer 12

-Too oversimplified
-Assumes that short term stores is a gateway between sensory stores and long term stores
-Assumes that long-term store only stores information that is processed consciously
-Assumes that all items stored in short term memory is equal
-Assumes that most information rehearsed in the short term store is transferred to the long-term store
-Assumes that forgetting from short-term store is only due to displacement

Question 13

What is Iconic memory?

Answer 13

A sensory store that holds visual information for approximately 500 milliseconds

Question 14

What is echoic memory

Answer 14

A sensory store that holds auditory information for approximately two seconds

Question 15

What are Chunks (in terms of memory)

Answer 15

Stores units that are made up of smaller pieces of information

Question 16

What are the two types of Long-term memory

Answer 16

Declarative memory and Non-declarative memory

Question 17

What are the two types declarative memory’s (explicit memory’s)

Answer 17

Events (episodic memory)
Facts (semantic memory)

Question 18

What is Episodic memory

Answer 18

A specific personal experience from a particular time and place

Question 19

What is semantic memory

Answer 19

World knowledge, object knowledge, language knowledge and conceptual priming

Question 20

What are the four types of non-declarative memory

Answer 20

-Procedural Memory
-Perceptual representation system
-Classical conditioning
-Non-associative learning

Question 21

What is procedural memory

Answer 21

Skills, both motor and cognitive

Question 22

What is the perceptual representation system

Answer 22

Perceptual priming

Question 23

What is classical conditioing

Answer 23

Conditioned responses between two stimuli

Question 24

What is non-associative learning

Answer 24

Habituation sensitisation

Question 25

What are the processing stages of memory

Answer 25

-Encoding
-Storage
-Retrieval

Question 26

What is encoding

Answer 26

The memory traces that are created from incoming information

Question 27

What are the two steps of encoding

Answer 27

Acquisition and consolidation

Question 28

What is memory consolidation?

Answer 28

The stabilisation of memory over a period of time after it is initially acquired.

Question 29

Where does memory consolidation occur?

Answer 29

At the cellular and system levels

Question 30

What is cellular consolidation equal to?

Answer 30

Synaptic consolidation

Question 31

Where does system consolidation take place in

Answer 31

The hippocampus

Question 32

What is standard consolidation theory

Answer 32

The idea that the neocortex is responsible for storing long-term memories consolidated.

Question 33

What is multiple trace theory

Answer 33

Long-term storage for semantic information which only relies on the neocortex

Question 34

What are the three parts of the limbic system that work on memory

Answer 34

The Basal ganglia, the hippocampus and the Amygdala

Question 35

What does the Basal ganglia do?

Answer 35

Deals with Long-term procedural memory and movement

Question 36

What does the hippocampus deal with

Answer 36

Forming explicit memory, consolidating and retrieving long-term declarative memories

Question 37

What does the Amygdala deal with

Answer 37

-Forming long-term implicit memory including emotional memories such as recognising emptions in faces,
-Procedural memories such as skill learning
-Classic conditioning

Question 38

What parts of the brain deal with memory in the cortex and the brain stem?

Answer 38

-The frontal lobes,
-Parietal lobes,
-Occipital lobes,
-Cerebellum
-Temporal lobes

Question 39

What does the frontal lobe do in terms of memory

Answer 39

-Storage, processing, encoding of procedural memories.
-Memory for motor-skills tasks and language
-Episodic memory

Question 40

What do the parietal lobes take do in terms of memory

Answer 40

Spatial memory (awareness of oneself in space)

Question 41

What does the Ocipital lobe do in terms of memory

Answer 41

Memories for pictures

Question 42

What does the Cerebellum do for memory

Answer 42

-Storage, processing, encoding of procedural memories
-Memory for motor-skills tasks
-Classically conditioned responses

Question 43

what does the temporal lobe do for memory

Answer 43

Memory for sound and the names of colours