Reasoning 2

Question 1

What is Deductive Reasoning

Answer 1

Deductive reasoning is the process of drawing valid inferences. An inference is valid if its conclusion follows logically from its premises, meaning that it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be falseReasoning to a conclusion from a set of premises or statements where that conclusion follows necessarily from the assumption that the premises are true

Question 2

What can the conclusion from deductive reasoning be drawn with

Answer 2

Certainty

Question 3

What is deductive reasoning based on

Answer 3

Formal logic

Question 4

What is Logical Reasoning (also known as conditional reasoning)

Answer 4

A form of thinking that forms logic with “if this then that”

Question 5

What sequence of symbols is commonly used in Conditional reasoning

Answer 5

If “P” then “Q”

Question 6

What is an Antecedent

Answer 6

A thing that exists before or logically precedes another (Or “P” in conditional reasoning)

Question 7

What is a consequent

Answer 7

Something that follows as a result (In conditional reasoning that’s “Q”

Question 8

What does “if ‘P’ then ‘Q’” mean

Answer 8

If i do one thing (P) then it will be followed by another thing (Q)

Question 9

What is a good example of “If P then Q”

Answer 9

“If I attend all my lectures (P) then I will do well in my exams (Q)

Question 10

What is a logically Valid inferences

Answer 10

An inference based on sound evidence with a conclusion that follows logically (It will ALWAYS be true)

Question 11

What is a logically invalid inference

Answer 11

That even if the premise is true, the conclusion could still be false (It may or may not be true)

Question 12

What are the two forms of Logically valid inferences

Answer 12

Modus Ponens, Modus Tollens

Question 13

In “If P then Q” what is modus ponens

Answer 13

Modus Ponens refers to if “P” and “Q” are true then the consequent “Q” will remain true. (If P then Q = If I am Miley Cyrus I am crazy. P = I am Miley Cyrus. Therefore Q = I must be Crazy)

Question 14

In “If P then Q” what is modus tollens

Answer 14

“Not Q” If Q is not true then P wont be either (If P then Q = If I am Miley Cyrus I am crazy and “not Q” = I am not crazy then “Not P” = I am not Miley Cyrus.

Question 15

What are the 2 forms of logically invalid inferences

Answer 15

Denial of the Antecedent, Affirmation of the consequent

Question 16

In “If P then Q” what would be denial of the antecedent

Answer 16

“Not P” If P then Q = If it is raining Nancy gets wet and our second premise is “it is not raining” then denial of the antecedent leads us to believe that Nancy does not get wet. However, it is not the only way she can get wet therefore “Not P”

Question 17

In “If P then Q” what is the affirmation of the consequent

Answer 17

“Q” This means that we are accepting Q as a direct consequence of P all the time. (If P then Q = If I am Miley Cyrus I am crazy. If Q = I am crazy, it does NOT mean that P = I am Miley Cyrus)

Question 18

What are the four inferences

Answer 18

modus ponens, modus tollens, denying the antecedent, affirming the consequent

Question 19

What is a Mental Model

Answer 19

A possibility that captures what is common to the different ways in which the possibility could occur. E.g: A tossed coin was an infinite number of trajectories but only has two mental models. Heads and tails.