THE CONCEPT OF ANIMAL WELFARE

Question 1

Definition of animal welfare

Answer 1

The state of wellbeing brought about by meeting the physical, environmental, nutritional, behavioural and social needs of the animal or groups of animals under the are of supervision or influence of people

Question 2

What is intrinsic worth

Answer 2

Animal has worth in its own right (culturally variable) has value as a living entity

Question 3

What is intrinsic aloe based off?

Answer 3

Intrinsic worth is often based off percieved sentience and emotional capabilities of the species

Question 4

What does the level of sentience determine for a species

Answer 4

The level of empathy they have

Question 5

What does the level of empathy determine for a species

Answer 5

The moral obligation to be concerned about the welfare of the species

Question 6

Are our attitudes to animals guided by self interest?

Answer 6

Yes, the view of a rat depends on if its a lab rat, pet or vermin

Question 7

What is a sentient animal capable of?

Answer 7

Capable of feeling and for which those feelings matter - if they lack of speech they can conceptualise the feelings

Question 8

What feelings are associated to a sentient animal?

Answer 8

Pain
Hunger
Anxiety
Friendship
Grief

Question 9

Sentience has the capacity to:

Answer 9

• Be consciously aware of the environment - of themselves in the environment and the awareness of the environment
• Capable of cognitive processing - involves taking in information from the environment and changing
• Experience emotions and feelings

Question 10

What are the 2 elements of consciousness

Answer 10

Perception of external world and perception of selff

Question 11

What must there be in the animal to have a good perception of the world

Answer 11

The animal must have nueral correlates of consciousness

Question 12

What is the integrated information theory ITT

Answer 12

It’s a formal measure of the quantity of integrated information in any physical system that is information encoded in the whole system that is lost whenever the system is divided into parts

Question 13

How does ITT treat consciousness?

Answer 13

It treats it as a continuous variable with higher values indicated filler consciousness

Question 14

Where does evidence for IIT comes from?

Answer 14

0bserved correlations between the apparent emergence of consousnss and rises in the effective connectivity in different sleep stages. Anaesthesia

Question 15

How can you study an animals awareness with mirrors

Answer 15

Use a mirrors to make animal make choices about its environment
Hold sheep in area A or b
Buckets placed in position 1 or 2 and they can see that there is food in them
Sheep will see the bucket through mirror and locate bucket when released
They must complete several obstacles and go to the right bucket to get the food a.k.a reward

Question 16

What happens when you use two sub-groups mirror exposed and mirror naive in the bucket experiment

Answer 16

Just use it as another experiment

Question 17

What happens if you add a mirror into the external environment to change where the buckets are located

Answer 17

If bucket was position 2 it actually looked like it was in position 1
You can get a behavioural measurement to see if sheep picked up that the mirror was placed infront of it and distorted the environment

Question 18

What happens if you test mirror naive sheep to sheep that have been exposed to a perplex mirror for 530 minutes

Answer 18

Mirror did not affect how sheep responded in the environment

Question 19

How do you test perception of self. Metacognition

Answer 19

Test via mirror induced stimulation behaviour

Question 20

What are the 3 levels in relation to self perception

Answer 20

1. Exploitary social behaviour as if observing conspecifics
2. Contingency behaviour whereby the idnivdiual performers a number of reptitive acts as a way of testing its actions against the visual stimulus
3. Self directed behaviour where the animal investigates a specific part of its body

Question 21

What is the mark test - perception of self

Answer 21

Put mark on window and see if they take interest in it - elephants are knwon to do this

Question 22

What animals pass the mark test of metacognition?

Answer 22

Children under 18 months old fail - only get to stage 2
Chimpanzees, bottle nose dolphins, Asians elephants, Eurasian magpies have succeeded passing the mark test

Question 23

How do you determine sentience though cognitive processing

Answer 23

1. Memory
2. Learning
3. Spatial memory
4. Spacial navigation

Question 24

How do you determine sentience when measuring emotions?

Answer 24

Important to determine sentience and be concerned about animals welfare
Human species can verbalise emotions but animals cannot - we must find a way to meausre emotion to determine sentience

Question 25

What are the neural correlation when measuring emotions?

Answer 25

When we experience certain emotional states - parts of our brain light up FMRI

Question 26

What did Steiner look at?

Answer 26

Looked at orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum

Question 27

What did steiner look into

Answer 27

The differences between disappointed and regret - helps rule out each of these behaviour and know the differences between the two

Question 28

What did Steiner find out

Answer 28

1. Disappointment entails the recognition that one did not get the value expected
2. Regret entails recogniton that an alternative action would have produced a more valued outcome
3. Humans the orbital frontal cortex is active during expression of regret, nd humans with damage to the orbits corral cortex do not express regret
   Stud recorded from orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum in rats encountering wait or skip choices for delayed delivery of different flavours

Question 29

What was Steiner experimental procedures

Answer 29

He used rats
1. Large innner loop with four spikes going to different flavour zones - banana, cherry, chocolate and unflavoured
2. On entry into a zone a tone sounded the pitch of the tone indicate ether delay he rat had to wait in order to relieve (higher pitch = longer delay)
3. Rats could skip o stay
4. Rats trained to go i one direction - if they go in the wrong direction they get no reward

Question 30

What did the rats do in Steiner experiment

Answer 30

If the tone is long the majority of rats skip and move into the next zone
When delay is short they stay up to 15 seconds
Rats will stay or skip depending on the length of time they have to stay or their preference of old they recieve

Question 31

How do you find the stage of regret

Answer 31

Peaks in the ribitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum show regret
Economically encountering a high cost choice after skipping a low cost choice should induce regret
In these situations rats in Steiner experiment looked backwards towards the last options, cells within the orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum represented the missed action

Question 32

What is animal welfare based on sentience

Answer 32

A state of omelette mental and physical health, where the animal is in harmony with its environment

Question 33

What are the 5 animal freedoms

Answer 33

Freedom from hunger or thirst
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain, injury or disease
Freedom to express normal behaviour
Freedom from fear and distress

Question 34

How did Weiss 1971 show uncontrollable and controllable stress in rats

Answer 34

Rat 1 put Ito apparatus but recieved no shock
Rat 2 revieved warning signal before shock
Rat 3 received no warning before shock

Question 35

What where the results to Weiss 1971 experiments

Answer 35

No shock has smaller length of gastric lesions however signalled shock had a longer length of gastric lesions
Secondary forms of physiological response to stress can be ulcers in the stomach

Question 36

What does the domain model talk about?

Answer 36

Physical function affecting mental domain of animal
Takes every aspect that can affect animals welfare
Animal needs can be met but still have other aspects that lack in their welfare

Question 37

What are the two approaches to measuring animal welfare?

Answer 37

1. Subjective experience on animals feelings determine its welfare
2. Biological function normal physiology and behaviour (ability to stay within physiological boundaries, homeostasis, cope, stress response