ANIMAL BIOETHICS

Question 1

When was bioethics first used?

Answer 1

1970

Question 2

What are bioethics

Answer 2

Made from correcting decisions to stop a large impact from occurring

Question 3

What is bioethics

Answer 3

Biology combined with diverse haonistic knowledge forming a science that sets a system of medical and environmental priorities for acceptable survival

Question 4

What do you need to make a debate about animal ethics

Answer 4

Welfare articles are released
Diverse opinions are then created
Creates emotional response
Need factual information on making a debate about animal ethics

Question 5

Why should you engage in thinking about animal bioethics

Answer 5

Intellectual integrity - give clear opinion on topic
Convincing arguments - helps to connive others and shape policy
To deal with those shouting the loudest - strong conclusion - bufffers the shouters esp if they have false information

Question 6

What is the origin of our ethical nature

Answer 6

Egotistical prudence
Altruism
Morality - how we apply these decisions
Suggest propels cant do the right thing - doesnt happen with everyone

Question 7

17th century - egotistic prudence - Thomas Hobbes

Answer 7

Increase competition can increase human density
Survival and social order only possible with reluctant bargain
It was prudent to abide by social contract - if you hit me i hit you

Question 8

What was social contract for?

Answer 8

Human ethics nature - which Thomas Hobbes wanted to become laws

Question 9

What is altruism

Answer 9

A at that benefits another possibly at the cost of the actor

Question 10

What has nature selected us to have

Answer 10

To have ethical nature to be good to eachother this suggests ethics is entirely a result of natural selection

Question 11

Is altruism related to kin or non kin?

Answer 11

Yes.
Kin example - providing for offpin when the are damaged or hungry
Non kin - apes grooming eachother

Question 12

What does altruism activates

Answer 12

Mesolithic reward pathway - asociated with food and sex
Subgenu cortex/septal region - social attachment and bonding in other species
Altruism is pleasureable, hard wired

Question 13

What are the 4 conditions for an action to be ethics

Answer 13

There must be an alternative course of action
Capability of judging the actions in ethical terms
Freedom of choice totally choose what is ethically right
The capacity to predict the results of our actions

Question 14

What occured in the 1st - 16th century

Answer 14

Scientific method based on teachings of Aristotle and the bible
More like theories - human male shave more teeth than females
Aristotle did a lot of time observing

Question 15

What occured in the mid 15th - 17th century to the scientific method

Answer 15

Gallileo Galilee - 1564 - 1642
Francis bacon - 1561 - 1626
Began questioning aristotles and the bibles theories
Tested these theories too

Question 16

What occured between 17th-19th century in the scientific method

Answer 16

Many observations to revive laws and rpinciples
Induction - observation are now used to derive laws and principles
Confirmaition of these laws and principles are done by more observations

Question 17

What occured in the 20th centrury in the scientific method

Answer 17

Theories cannot be proven but adding more information - must attempt to disapprove hypothesis - hard popper

Question 18

What did Thomas Kuhn 1922-1996 do

Answer 18

Argue against the structure of science revolutions by Karl popper
Most scientists okay uncritical within the paradigm to extend it. When inconsistiencies build up scientists change. The paradigm

Question 19

Is science more than knowledge

Answer 19

Theories didn’t fit in with the ideology of society so th thinking is not wanted
Society influences - many grants from tax payer money so needs a positive impact on society
Excludes effect of scientific thinking of professional ideology social influences

Question 20

What do arguments need?

Answer 20

Premises and conclusions which should be lined
Conclusion should logically follow the premise

Question 21

How to evaluate arguments

Answer 21

Is the premise true - example of an inductively weak argument
Does the conclusion follow from th premises - when i passed my exam i wore my red t shirt
If 1 and2 are yes it is a strong argument

Question 22

Can valid arguments have a false conclusion

Answer 22

Yes - need to e critical to notice this
Conclusions are usually persuasive

Question 23

What is fallacy of origin

Answer 23

If argument/arguer has a particular origin it/he/she use be right or wrong

Question 24

What is begging the question

Answer 24

Cannot assume as a premise what your trying to prove

Question 25

What is false cause

Answer 25

Assuming causation from association

Question 26

What is generalisation

Answer 26

Broad conclusions from narrow base

Question 27

What is false dilemma

Answer 27

There are often more than 2 options

Question 28

What is anthropomorphism

Answer 28

When discussing animals as a danger or conceit