ANIMAL BIOETHICS Flashcards
When was bioethics first used?
1970
What are bioethics
Made from correcting decisions to stop a large impact from occurring
What is bioethics
Biology combined with diverse haonistic knowledge forming a science that sets a system of medical and environmental priorities for acceptable survival
What do you need to make a debate about animal ethics
Welfare articles are released
Diverse opinions are then created
Creates emotional response
Need factual information on making a debate about animal ethics
Why should you engage in thinking about animal bioethics
Intellectual integrity - give clear opinion on topic
Convincing arguments - helps to connive others and shape policy
To deal with those shouting the loudest - strong conclusion - bufffers the shouters esp if they have false information
What is the origin of our ethical nature
Egotistical prudence
Altruism
Morality - how we apply these decisions
Suggest propels cant do the right thing - doesnt happen with everyone
17th century - egotistic prudence - Thomas Hobbes
Increase competition can increase human density
Survival and social order only possible with reluctant bargain
It was prudent to abide by social contract - if you hit me i hit you
What was social contract for?
Human ethics nature - which Thomas Hobbes wanted to become laws
What is altruism
A at that benefits another possibly at the cost of the actor
What has nature selected us to have
To have ethical nature to be good to eachother this suggests ethics is entirely a result of natural selection
Is altruism related to kin or non kin?
Yes.
Kin example - providing for offpin when the are damaged or hungry
Non kin - apes grooming eachother
What does altruism activates
Mesolithic reward pathway - asociated with food and sex
Subgenu cortex/septal region - social attachment and bonding in other species
Altruism is pleasureable, hard wired
What are the 4 conditions for an action to be ethics
There must be an alternative course of action
Capability of judging the actions in ethical terms
Freedom of choice totally choose what is ethically right
The capacity to predict the results of our actions
What occured in the 1st - 16th century
Scientific method based on teachings of Aristotle and the bible
More like theories - human male shave more teeth than females
Aristotle did a lot of time observing
What occured in the mid 15th - 17th century to the scientific method
Gallileo Galilee - 1564 - 1642
Francis bacon - 1561 - 1626
Began questioning aristotles and the bibles theories
Tested these theories too
What occured between 17th-19th century in the scientific method
Many observations to revive laws and rpinciples
Induction - observation are now used to derive laws and principles
Confirmaition of these laws and principles are done by more observations
What occured in the 20th centrury in the scientific method
Theories cannot be proven but adding more information - must attempt to disapprove hypothesis - hard popper
What did Thomas Kuhn 1922-1996 do
Argue against the structure of science revolutions by Karl popper
Most scientists okay uncritical within the paradigm to extend it. When inconsistiencies build up scientists change. The paradigm
Is science more than knowledge
Theories didn’t fit in with the ideology of society so th thinking is not wanted
Society influences - many grants from tax payer money so needs a positive impact on society
Excludes effect of scientific thinking of professional ideology social influences
What do arguments need?
Premises and conclusions which should be lined
Conclusion should logically follow the premise
How to evaluate arguments
Is the premise true - example of an inductively weak argument
Does the conclusion follow from th premises - when i passed my exam i wore my red t shirt
If 1 and2 are yes it is a strong argument
Can valid arguments have a false conclusion
Yes - need to e critical to notice this
Conclusions are usually persuasive
What is fallacy of origin
If argument/arguer has a particular origin it/he/she use be right or wrong
What is begging the question
Cannot assume as a premise what your trying to prove
What is false cause
Assuming causation from association
What is generalisation
Broad conclusions from narrow base
What is false dilemma
There are often more than 2 options
What is anthropomorphism
When discussing animals as a danger or conceit
