ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

Question 1

W HAT ARE THE 4 CATEGORIES OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

Answer 1

NUEROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION
SYMPTOM OF UNKOWN CLINCAL CONDITON - HEADS SHAKING
STEROTYPY
LEARNED - OWNER PERCHED

Question 2

What is abnormal interpreted as?

Answer 2

Functionless. However some can have a function. They are abnormal as they’re rare in the population

Question 3

What are symptoms of nueral dysfunction

Answer 3

• serizues
• viral dysfunction
• coma
• deafness
• lack of coordination
• sluggish posture
• head tilt and general asymmetry
• head expressing

Question 4

What are examples of conditons cause by nueral dysfunction

Answer 4

Tetanus
Canine hydrocephalus
Hepatocephalopathy

Question 5

What is rage syndrome

Answer 5

Where dogs get aggressive, the go submissive and then agressive agin

Question 6

What is horse shakes?

Answer 6

Horse head shakes when in locomotion - no real understanding why it occurs

Question 7

What causes stress

Answer 7

It can be psychological or physical or often a combination of the two
Can be a welfare issue
If animal cannot remove the stress it the animal will adopt strategies of counteraction

Question 8

What is stress when it comes to stereotypes

Answer 8

Methods of counteraction adopted by the animal to chronic psychological stress - anima adopts these sterotypies to cope with the psychological stress they are experiencing and cannot get away from

Question 9

What is psychological stress

Answer 9

Based on frustration of motivation i.e. animal is motivated to perform behaviours in order to obtain percieved goal but it unable to do so

Question 10

What is steotypic behaviour

Answer 10

A repetitive invariant behaviour without obvious goal or function

Question 11

What are sterotypies usually

Answer 11

Oral or locomotory
Developing - just developed
Established - done for a long time
Environmentally induced
Psychostimulant

Question 12

Where are sterotypies commonly present?

Answer 12

Zoos, farm animals and companion animals

Question 13

What is crib biting

Answer 13

Incisor teeth onto solid objects such as fence posts ad stable doors

Question 14

What occurs during crib biting

Answer 14

Contractions of ventral muscles in the neck and small bolts of air is taken in

Question 15

What is weaving

Answer 15

Lateral movement of head
Both fore and hind limbs sway during the movement of the head

Question 16

What is box walking?

Answer 16

Hoses walk back and forth in the box
Always looks the same

Question 17

What other variations of sterotypies horses exhibit?

Answer 17

Tongue rolling and vertical head shaking

Question 18

What did McGreevy et al 1995 do a study on

Answer 18

Looked at how behaviours manifest in the context of horse disciplines

Question 19

What did McGreevy find out

Answer 19

Endurance horses have less sterotypy - due to the fast they have more exercise

Question 20

What did Ayers et l 2002 look at

Answer 20

Looked at thorough breeds and when the behaviour starts to develop
It shows that horses develop stereotypical when the horse is weaned
This meas that weaning is an early stressor which is an important factor in the development of sterotypy

Question 21

What is crib biting triggered by

Answer 21

Ingestion of highly palatable feeds causes an immediate crib biting response

Question 22

What does virginiamycin do - Johnson et al 1998

Answer 22

Supplement prevented the normal decrease in cereal ph associated with ingesting buffers gi tract stops ph dropping - no chance of this drop meant no rib biting behaviours occurs
But associated with reduction of stomach ulceration

Question 23

What did nicol et al 2002 find out about virginomyecin

Answer 23

Did not find that they’re reduce ulcerations in the stomach or crub biting behaviour

Question 24

What is weaving caused by

Answer 24

It’s a before meal response

Question 25

What are limitations of the Hughes and Duncan model

Answer 25

Stereotypes are not always performed in context of food arrival or feeding
Therefore there is continued motivation that performs non-feeding consummatory or associated appetitive behaviour

Question 26

What is the basal ganglia

Answer 26

Part of striatum and mid brain

Question 27

What are the structures of the struatum -

Answer 27

Caudal, putamen and nucleus accumbens

Question 28

What are the 2 parts of the mid brain

Answer 28

Ventral tegmemtum and substantanial nigra

Question 29

Are d1 receptors in striatum excitory

Answer 29

Yes

Question 30

Are d2 receptors in the striatum excitory

Answer 30

Yes

Question 31

Are d2 receptors in birdbrain excitatory

Answer 31

No they’re inhibitory

Question 32

What is different between horses and mice striatum

Answer 32

Horse atrium is more differentiated
Significant reduction in D2 receptors within caudate region of striatum - horses
Till a significant increase of d1 and d2 receptors within the nucleus accumbens

Question 33

What is the better definition of sterotypy

Answer 33

A highly motivated appetitive behaviour that is the culmination of a state of nueral sensitisation process induced by stress or predisposed to by genotype and is performed in an enironment where consummatory aspects of the behaviour cannot be satisfied

Question 34

What causes changes in dopamine physiology of the brain

Answer 34

Chronic stress
Phsycostimulants

Question 35

What do physciostimulants do

Answer 35

Dopamine is reduced by phsycostimulants cause permanent damage in DA physiology

Question 36

What happens if we hit dopamine activation hard

Answer 36

We will permanently affect the dopamine physiology. If we go beyond dopamine tolerance this means homeostatic changes so much we dont go back to normal - triggering addiction and behavioural changes