ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR Flashcards
W HAT ARE THE 4 CATEGORIES OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
NUEROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION
SYMPTOM OF UNKOWN CLINCAL CONDITON - HEADS SHAKING
STEROTYPY
LEARNED - OWNER PERCHED
What is abnormal interpreted as?
Functionless. However some can have a function. They are abnormal as they’re rare in the population
What are symptoms of nueral dysfunction
- serizues
- viral dysfunction
- coma
- deafness
- lack of coordination
- sluggish posture
- head tilt and general asymmetry
- head expressing
What are examples of conditons cause by nueral dysfunction
Tetanus
Canine hydrocephalus
Hepatocephalopathy
What is rage syndrome
Where dogs get aggressive, the go submissive and then agressive agin
What is horse shakes?
Horse head shakes when in locomotion - no real understanding why it occurs
What causes stress
It can be psychological or physical or often a combination of the two
Can be a welfare issue
If animal cannot remove the stress it the animal will adopt strategies of counteraction
What is stress when it comes to stereotypes
Methods of counteraction adopted by the animal to chronic psychological stress - anima adopts these sterotypies to cope with the psychological stress they are experiencing and cannot get away from
What is psychological stress
Based on frustration of motivation i.e. animal is motivated to perform behaviours in order to obtain percieved goal but it unable to do so
What is steotypic behaviour
A repetitive invariant behaviour without obvious goal or function
What are sterotypies usually
Oral or locomotory
Developing - just developed
Established - done for a long time
Environmentally induced
Psychostimulant
Where are sterotypies commonly present?
Zoos, farm animals and companion animals
What is crib biting
Incisor teeth onto solid objects such as fence posts ad stable doors
What occurs during crib biting
Contractions of ventral muscles in the neck and small bolts of air is taken in
What is weaving
Lateral movement of head
Both fore and hind limbs sway during the movement of the head
What is box walking?
Hoses walk back and forth in the box
Always looks the same
What other variations of sterotypies horses exhibit?
Tongue rolling and vertical head shaking
What did McGreevy et al 1995 do a study on
Looked at how behaviours manifest in the context of horse disciplines
What did McGreevy find out
Endurance horses have less sterotypy - due to the fast they have more exercise
What did Ayers et l 2002 look at
Looked at thorough breeds and when the behaviour starts to develop
It shows that horses develop stereotypical when the horse is weaned
This meas that weaning is an early stressor which is an important factor in the development of sterotypy
What is crib biting triggered by
Ingestion of highly palatable feeds causes an immediate crib biting response
What does virginiamycin do - Johnson et al 1998
Supplement prevented the normal decrease in cereal ph associated with ingesting buffers gi tract stops ph dropping - no chance of this drop meant no rib biting behaviours occurs
But associated with reduction of stomach ulceration
What did nicol et al 2002 find out about virginomyecin
Did not find that they’re reduce ulcerations in the stomach or crub biting behaviour
What is weaving caused by
It’s a before meal response
What are limitations of the Hughes and Duncan model
Stereotypes are not always performed in context of food arrival or feeding
Therefore there is continued motivation that performs non-feeding consummatory or associated appetitive behaviour
What is the basal ganglia
Part of striatum and mid brain
What are the structures of the struatum -
Caudal, putamen and nucleus accumbens
What are the 2 parts of the mid brain
Ventral tegmemtum and substantanial nigra
Are d1 receptors in striatum excitory
Yes
Are d2 receptors in the striatum excitory
Yes
Are d2 receptors in birdbrain excitatory
No they’re inhibitory
What is different between horses and mice striatum
Horse atrium is more differentiated
Significant reduction in D2 receptors within caudate region of striatum - horses
Till a significant increase of d1 and d2 receptors within the nucleus accumbens
What is the better definition of sterotypy
A highly motivated appetitive behaviour that is the culmination of a state of nueral sensitisation process induced by stress or predisposed to by genotype and is performed in an enironment where consummatory aspects of the behaviour cannot be satisfied
What causes changes in dopamine physiology of the brain
Chronic stress
Phsycostimulants
What do physciostimulants do
Dopamine is reduced by phsycostimulants cause permanent damage in DA physiology
What happens if we hit dopamine activation hard
We will permanently affect the dopamine physiology. If we go beyond dopamine tolerance this means homeostatic changes so much we dont go back to normal - triggering addiction and behavioural changes
