CAUSE, FUNCTION, EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NORMAL BEHAVIOUR

Question 1

Do domestic animals have variable behaviours

Answer 1

Yes when comparing them to other species

Question 2

What are the functional attributes to domesticated animal behaviour

Answer 2

Nutrient capture
Body maintenance
Reproction

Question 3

What are the functional groups of animal behaviour associated as

Answer 3

Survival behaviours

Question 4

What does variation in behaviour reflect??

Answer 4

Ecological niche and domestic selection

Question 5

What are tin Bergens 4 questions

Answer 5

Function
Evolution
Causation or mechanism
Development or otogeny

Question 6

What is causation

Answer 6

Eliciting external stimuli
Neural mechanism causes the behaviour such as aggression

Question 7

What are the two aspects of causation

Answer 7

What triggers the behaviour - internal or external eiornmnet
Bejhaviour is always the output of the tigger
Between the trigger and behaviour something occurs in the central nervous system to produce the behaviour

Question 8

What is the key structure that activates aggressive responses

Answer 8

Peri Aquila grey regions
The MEA is also linked to PAG it is a critical part that produces the aggressive behaviour sequences

Question 9

Evolution of behaviour is based on 3 underlying processes

Answer 9

Behaviour affects the survival and or reproduction of the individual
Behaviour is variable and affects/determined by genes
Behaviour genes are heritable

Question 10

Is behaviour subject to natural selection creating evolution

Answer 10

Evolutionary behaviour - occured due to natural selection
There has to be a range of behaviours which is advantageous
Genes of behaviour that are advantageous are passed down to offpsring

Question 11

What are genes specific to do?

Answer 11

Control behaviour

Question 12

What is behaviour determined by?

Answer 12

Behaviour is determined by the physical body of the animal performing behaviour

Question 13

What does it mean if there is physical limitations of an animal

Answer 13

The behaviours they show are limited - so sheep wont perform behaviours of a cat because their body doesnt allow them to

Question 14

Can animals gain the same outcome of performing a behaviour?

Answer 14

Yes, as animals have to access food but it is done in so many ways. Some animals have to use tools to get food

Question 15

What is embodiment

Answer 15

As anatomy evolves so does behaviour. Inextricably linked

Question 16

Where do we infer the evolution for behaviour?

Answer 16

Palaeontology - morphological possibilities/limitations and ecological niceties
You can document morphology but not the behaviour

Question 17

What is domestication

Answer 17

Is that processes by which a population of animals becomes adopted to man and the captive environment by some combination of genetics changes occurring over generations and environmentally induced developemental events recurring during each generation

Question 18

What does Price et al 2002 statement say about animal domestication and behaviour

Answer 18

• does not assume that the genes and envrionement operate independently
• assumes that the captive environment is different from the wild ancestral environment - these differences are consistent over generations and allow evolutionary forces to change the gene pool
• however the humans can accelerate changes in the phenotype that might no occur in nature - by artificial selection of gene transfer

Question 19

What is the species depended effect of domestication on behaviour

Answer 19

Loss of traits and /or exaggeration of traits

Question 20

Why does loss of traits and/or exaggeration of traits occur with animals during domestication

Answer 20

Behaviour between domesticated on wild are a lot of different because of there environment so the changes the environment has a huge impact on. Behaviour

Question 21

Why did we domesticate the pig?

Answer 21

Production rate more docile for human use and pigs
Don’t want the animals to be aggressive in the small area
Size of pig needs to be larger so thee is more meat

Question 22

Does linked genes between wild phenotype and domestication animals have a fact of domestication?

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

Does the developmental experience of animals impact behaviours?

Answer 23

Yes when animals develop the experience of animals is different in domestication which impact what behaviours the offspring will produce in adulthood

Question 24

What are the preadaptation for domestic behaviour

Answer 24

1 large gregarious social groups with dominance hierarchy
2. Non aggressive
3. Promiscuous matings
4. Ready to leave nest at once - precocial
5. Temperament - tameable
6. Limited agility
7. Generalist Eder or omnivorous - no special diets
8 - species who lend themselves to domestication
9 - solitary species that can be kept in a farm way

Question 25

What are the reasons for domestication

Answer 25

Human need:
- control of food reduction
- clothing, labour transport
- religion
- protection against rodents

Question 26

What is hybridisation in terms of domestication

Answer 26

Verifies the existence of differences - no information about the process or rate of development during domestication all problems of the comparative approach re choice of stock and possibility hetorsisis in cross breeds

Question 27

What is the test of the comparison of leghorn and jungle fowl in a framing social maze test

Answer 27

• test areas in the form of a cross with each arm being 0.8 long X 0.5 wide
• two arms contained sunflower seeds mixed with wood ravings - needed t wor to obtain food
  Other two arms is commercial layer food - normal diet

Question 28

Results of leghorn and jungle fowl in foraging social maze

Answer 28

Initial tests with single birds failed due to isolation - 13 pairs of jungle fowl and 12 pairs of leghorn tested for 30 minutes
Before the horn model test leghorns pecked the ground more than jungle fowl
After the test jungle fowl walked and vocalised more than leghorns who stood alert for a greater length

Question 29

What where the conclusion of the experiment on the ;egg horns and jungle fowls

Answer 29

Jungle fowl were more active in the maze and hawk test
Easier to induce tonic mobility
Leghorn less active in restraint tests - tying rope to leg
Reduced activity i leg horn interpreted as a correlated response to selection for productivity
Animal prefer to work for food - more reward

Question 30

What is the maternal reactivity in domestic and wild (hybridisation) by spinal et al 2000

Answer 30

• 14 sows sired by either a Yorkshire or wild boar
• observed nursing behaviour
• play back of calls by trapped piglets
  Humans in the nest test
  -sows only differed in the genetics of the sire

Question 31

What are other examples of behavioural loss during domestication

Answer 31

Etches 1996 - copulatory in male turkeys
Non broody behaviour in hens

Question 32

There isn’t always a behavioural loss - there is an absence of key stimuli - name examples

Answer 32

Norway vs domestic rayt - burrow without stone - voice 1977
- broodiness in turkeys induced egg number - hale and scheming 1962

Question 33

Is behaviour an additive effect of genotype and the environment

Answer 33

Yes domestic and wild Norwayrats dig burrows that are similar but domestic rats need a stone to dig under

Question 34

How had domestication enhanced behaviours

Answer 34

Dogs back 2.3% times more than wolves
Linked genes tameness = barking
Human selection for guarding ability cause this?
Wolves rarely bark unless they are alert
Dogs bark for social attention in humans

Question 35

Is selection for tameability related to neoteny?

Answer 35

Behavioural neoteny is prerequisite for rention for placid temperament into adulthood management systems provide many of the animal needs without the need for aggressive behaviours or attainment of social dominance

Question 36

Is behaviour neoteny a prerequisite for retention of a placid temperament into adulthood?

Answer 36

Young animals may be conditioned to retain juvenile behaviours in positive rewards retard development of adult behaviours or mark their expression.

Question 37

Do dogs show behavioural neoteny

Answer 37

Yes they do but it is not clear that this principle is even in other domesticated animals. Intense submissed and conciatory behaviours in the dogs towards humans = important adaptation to living with them

Question 38

What happened in belayev - selection for tame behaviour in silver foxes

Answer 38

Recent work has lined an era t specific gene sorCS1 gene variant- kukekova 2018
Changes their colour

Question 39

Primary effect of domestication on dogs

Answer 39

Docility
Fetching
Herding
Aggression

Question 40

Primary effect of domestication on pigs, sheep, cows

Answer 40

Reduced reactivity docility but also production traits

Question 41

Primary effect of domestication on behaviour on horses

Answer 41

Speed and reactivity performance

Question 42

What has domestication done to developmental rates

Answer 42

Accelerated the the maturation

Question 43

How does sexual maturation accelaerate with domestication

Answer 43

Selection under domestic environment
Absence of social competition from older, dominant
Relegated to better nutrients
Accelerated growth and maturation rates
Behaviour development

Question 44

How does domestication work for development for post-natal

Answer 44

Domestication supposedly seeks precocial versu altricial spaces
One of the fundamental characteristics of the horse like so many ungulates is that is developmentally precocious in that it can be strong and moving after a short period of time

Question 45

How do you test an animal is precocious by its internal mapping system - frig et al 1997

Answer 45

Accurately look. An object
Accurately reach for an object
In humans much of early development is centered around mapping systems nd in particular fine using mapping transforms that facilitate accurate

Question 46

How do you test saccade and reach for development

Answer 46

Get animal to look or move body towards objects located in the area it can see