The Composition Of Matter Flashcards
Atomic theory
States that all matter is composed of atoms which can’t be created on destroyed
4 characteristics of matter
Has a mass, particles are in constant motion, occupies a volume in space & is made up of particles, atoms, molecules or ions
3 States of matter
Solid liquid & gas
Properties of solid
Fixed volume, fixed shape, cannot be compressed, attractive forces between particles hold them in a close packed arrangement & particles aerate is fixed positions
Properties of liquids
Fixed volume, no fixed shape, cannot be compressed, forces between particles ae weaker than in solids, partially vibrate, rotate & translate
Properties of gas
No fixed volume, no fixed shape, can be compressed, forces between particles are taken as zero & parties vibrate, rotate I translate faster then in a liquid
What does the way particles of matter move depend on and how dos it change the movement?
Temperature, temp increase causes average kinetic energy to increase causing more vibration/rotation/movement
Si units for temp & absolute zero
Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin. Zero Kelvin, -273 Celsius, all movement of particles stop
Changes of state, draw the heating curve for water
Page 3
What happens to the particles during changes of state? Ice to water & water to gas
Ice to water: solid lattice vibrates more until it reaches melting point & starts to melt.No change in temp while melting occurs. Level of disorder increases.
Water to gas: molecules vibrate more & faster until boiling point is reached & it boils until it all is vaporized. No change in temp. Level of disorder increases
What kind of processes are melting & boiling?
Endothermic, energy must be transferred from surrounding & potential energy increases
Cooling brings which processes?
Condensation & freezing
What kind of processes are condensation & freezing?
Exothermic, energy is transferred to surroundings. Potential energy of molecules decrease
What is evaporation?
Vaporization happening below boiling point.
What is sublimation? And what is it’s reverse?
State change from solid to gas without becoming a liquid, reverse is deposition
Definition of an element
Contains only atoms of one type
Definition of a compound
Atoms of elements confined in a fixed ratio, composed of ions or molecules
What is a pure substance?
Matter that has constant composition, chem & physical properties are distinct & consistent (nitrogen n2, argon ar, water h20)
What is a mixture?
A combination of pure substances, elements or compounds are not chemically bound together.
What is a homogeneous mixture?
Has uniform composition & properties
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
Have non-uniform composition & thus properties vary
Ion, anions & cations
Charged species, negative, positive
What is combination or synthesis reaction?
Involves combination of 2 or more substances to produce single product
What is a decomposition reaction?
Single reactant being broken down into 2 or more products
What is a single replacement reaction?
Occur when one element replaces another in a compound
What is a double replacement/metathesis reaction?
Occur between ions in a solution, forms insoluble substances & weak or non-electrolytes
What is the physical property viscosity?
How resistant a substance is to flow
Definition of boiling point
The temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas
How does pressure affect boiling point?
Increase in pressure, increase boiling point
Definition of melting point
Temperature where a solid becomes a liquid
How does pressure affect melting point?
Increase pressure, increase melting point
Exception: ice
Definition of freezing point
The temperature at which a liquid becomes solid
How does pressure affect freezing point?
Increase pressure, increase freezing point
Exception: ice
Is a phase change a physical or chemical process?
Physical
What determines phase change?
Temperature & pressure, what type of chemical
What is it the phase change from a gas to plasma called?
Ionization
What is it the phase change from plasma to gas called?
Recombination
What is an ideal gas
No particle volume & no intermolecular forces
What is the volume of one mol of an ideal gas at StP?
22.4 L
3 parts of the kinetic theory of gases which ideal gases follow
More rending & have no volume
Don’t attract or repel eachother (no intermolecular forces)
No kinetic energy is lost when the molecules collide with enchother
What are real gases?
Gases that don’t follow the kinetic theory of gases
What is Boyle’s law?
The pressure of a gas increases as its volume decreases, assuming constant mass & temperature
