The Circulatory System Flashcards
Function of Circulatory System
carries oxygen & food to cells of body, carries carbon dioxide & other wastes away from cells to excretory organs, kidneys, lung & skin, aids in coagulation process, assists in defending body against disease AND aids in regulation of body temperature
Flow of Blood
Inferior/Superior Vena Cava –> R atrium –> Tricuspid Valve –> R ventricle –> Pulmonary Valve –> Pulmonary Artery –> Lungs –> Pulmonary Vein –> L atrium –> Bicuspid Valve –> L ventricle –> Aortic Valve –> Aorta –> Systemic Circulation
Main Components of Cardiovascular System
heart, blood vessels, & blood
Main Components of Lymphatic System
lymph vessels, lymph nodes & lymph
General Structure of the Heart
four-chambered, hollow, muscular organ. about the size of a man’s clenched fist and surrounded by pericardium
Epicardium
the thin outer layer of the heart. covers the heart and attaches to the pericardium
Myocardium
the middle muscle layer of the heart. contracts to pump blood into arteries
Endocardium
the thin inner layer of the heart. lines the interior chambers and valves
Right Atrium
upper right chamber of the heart. receives deoxygenated blood from the body via both the superior (upper) vena cava and the inferior (lower) vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle
Right Ventricle
lower right chamber. receives blood from the right atrium and pumps into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs to be oxygenated
Left Atrium
upper left chamber. receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and pumps it to the left ventricle
Left Ventricle
lower left chamber. receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta; the walls are nearly 3x as thick as the right.
Right AV Valve
also called the tricuspid valve. located between the right atrium and right ventricle. closes when the right ventricle contracts to prevent blood from flowing back into the right atrium
Left AV Valve
also called the bicuspid or mitral valve. located between the left atrium and left ventricle. closes when the left ventricle contracts and prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium
Right Semilunar Valve
also called the pulmonary or pulmonic valve. located at the entrance to the pulmonary artery. closes when the right ventricle relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle.
Left Semilunar Valve
also called the aortic valve. located at the entrance to the aorta. closes when the left ventricle relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
Septa
partitions made up of myocardium that separate the right and left sides of the heart
Septa that separates the R/L atria
interatrial septa
Septa that separates the R/L ventricles
interventricular septa
Coronary Circulation
the flow of blood through arteries and veins within the heart muscle
Angina
chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart
Atherosclerosis or CAD( coronary artery disease)
a build-up of plaque causing the narrowing of coronary arteries and reduced blood flow to the heart
Myocardial Ischemia
a partial obstruction of coronary artery
Myocardial Infarction or Heart Attach
complete obstruction or prolonged ischemia
Cardiac Cycle
one complete contraction and subsequent relaxation. lasts about 0.8 seconds
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
located on the upper wall of the right atrium. it begins the heartbeat by generating the electrical pulse that travels through the muscles of both atria causing them to contract simultaneously and push blood through the AV valves into ventricles
Internodal Pathway Fibers
located on the wall of the right atrium. relays the impulse to the AV node
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
located at the bottom of the right atrium in the interatrial septum. picks up the impulse, slows it down while the atria finish contracting, and then relays it through the AV bundle
AV bundle (bundle of His)
top of the interventricular septum. relays impulse throughout the ventricular walls by means of bundle branches and Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract, forcing blood through the semilunar valves: both atria and ventricles have to relax briefly before the cycle can begin again.
ECG
an electrocardiogram. a graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity during the cardiac cycle
Pulse
palpable rhythmic throbbing caused by alternation expansion and contraction of an artery as blood passes through
Blood Pressure
the force or tension exerted by blood on walls of blood vessels
Systolic Pressure
pressure in arteries during contraction of ventricles
Diastolic Pressure
arterial pressure during relaxation of ventricles
Pulmonary Circulation
carries blood from right ventricle of heart to lungs, CO2 is removed and O2 is picked up. oxygenated blood returns to left atrium of heart
Systematic Circulation
carries oxygenated blood & nutrients from L ventricle to body cells. returns deoxygenated blood with CO2 & wastes from cells to right atrium
Structures of the Vascular System
Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
Arteries
carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart and to tissues. they have thick walls to withstand HP
Arterioles
small branches of arteries that join capillaries
Veins
return deoxygenated blood from tissues to heart. have thin walls with low BP. blood is moved by skeletal muscle movement, valves that prevent backflow & pressure changes in cavities in breathing
Venules
small veins that join capillaries
Capillaries
microscopic, one cell thick vessels that connect arterioles and veins. site where gas exchange between blood and body tissues occurs
Antecubital fossa
the shallow depression in arm anterior to the bend of elbow. a site of major veins and 1st venipuncture pick
H Pattern of AC veins
Median Cubital - located in center of AC, 1st choice
Cephalic - located on lateral side, 2nd choice
Basilic - located in the medial apsect of AC, last choice
M Patter of AC Veins
(from medial to lateral)
Cephalic , Median (1st), Median Cephalic (2nd), Median Basilic (3rd), Basilic
Plasma
- a clear, pale yellow fluid that is approximately 91% H2O and 9% mixture of O2, CO2, N, Na, K, Ca, Mg, carbs & liquids, proteins, waste products, vitamins, hormones and drugs.
- fluid portion of whole blood separated from RBCs, WBCs, & platelets by centrifugation, contains fibrinogen, specimen must be collect in an anticoagulant tube and used in cases when serum cannot
Erythrocytes
red blood cells. most numerous cells in body, carry both O2 & CO2, and produced in bone marrow
Leukocytes
white blood cells. formed in bone marrow & lymphatic tissue. neutralize or destroy pathogens.
Neutrophils
segmented nucleus. most numerous type of WBC. function is to destroy pathogens by phagocytosis
Eosinophils
segmented nucleus. ingest & detoxify foreign proteins, help turn off immune reactions, and increase with allergies & parasite
Basophils
segmented nucleus. least numerous WBC. release histamine and heparin, which enhances the inflammatory response.
Lymphocytes
unsegmented nucleus. second most numerous WBC. T lymphocytes directly attack infected cells. B lymphocytes give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies that are released into the bloodstream to circulate and attack foreign bodies
Monocytes
unsegmented nucleus. largest WBC. destroys pathogens by phagocytosis and the first line f defense in the inflammatory process
Thrombocytes
platelets, essential to coagulation. first cell on the scene when an injury occurs
ABO Blood Group
a system that recognizes 4 types of blood; A, B, AB, & O) and 2 antigens ( A & B)
Type A Blood
contains RBC antigen A and plasma antibodies anti-B
Type B Blood
contains RBC antigen B and plasma antibodies anti-A
Type AB Blood
contains RBC antigens A & B and contains no plasma antibodies
- “universal recipient”
Type O Blood
contains no RBC antigens and both anti-A & anti-B plasma antibodies
- “universal donor”
Compatibility test/Cross Match
a test that determines whether donor’s blood and the recipient’s blood are compatible
Layers of an Anticoagulant Tube
top: plasma –> contains fibrinogen
middle: buffy coat –> contains WBCs and platelets
bottom: RBCs
Serum
fluid portion of blood remaining after clotting, can be separated from clot by centrifugation, and does not contain fibrinogen
Layers of a Non-anticoagulant Tube
top: serum –> lacks fibrinogen
middle: separator gel
bottom : clotted blood
Fibrinogen
a coagulation factor used in blood clotting
Whole Blood
blood that is in the same form as it is in the bloodstream, not allowed to clot or separate, must be collected in an anticoagulant tube
Hemostasis
the arrest or stoppage of bleeding after injury. requires coordinated interaction of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, platelets, other blood cells, plasma proteins, and clotting factors
Process of Hemostasis in Vivo ( actual human body)
- vasoconstriction: a reduction in the diameter of blood vessel
- formation of a primary platelet plug
- progression to a stable blood clot ( secondary hemostatic plug formation)
- fibrinolysis: the dissolving of a colt
Extrinsic Coagulation Pathway
occurs outside the bloodstream. initiates the coagulation process
Intrinsic Coagulation Process
occurs inside the bloodstream. produces thrombin on the surface of activated thrombocytes
Lymphatic System Functions
returns tissues fluid to bloodstream, protects the body by removing microorganisms & impurities, processes lymphocytes and delivers fats absorbed from small intestine to bloodstream
Structures of the Lymphatic System
lymph, lymphatic vessels, ducts, and nodes
Lymph
excess tissue fluid that filters into lymphatic capillaries. moved by skeletal muscle contraction. it passes through lymph nodes that filter out impurities
Vasoconstriction
a reduction in the diameter of the blood vessel caused by contraction of smooth muscle fibers in the tunica media
