Final Exam Review Flashcards
Chemistry
lab concerned with the detection and measurement of chemical substances in body fluids. this department performs most lab tests. Tubes include Grey, Light Green, Green, Gold, Tan, Red, Royal Blue and Orange. An example of a test would be a Chem Panel.
Hematology
this department performs lab tests that discover, identify, and monitor diseases and other problems associated with blood and blood-forming tissues. Tube is Lavender and an example test is a CBC
Coagulation
these tests are used to discover, identify and monitor defects in the blood-clotting mechanism. Tube is Light Blue and an example test is a PT, INR, PTT.
Serology or Immunology
these tests are used to identify antibodies and antigens that are the body’s response to the presence of bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic diseases. Immunology tests determine the compatibility of organs, other tissues, and bone marrow for transplant purposes. Tube would be a RED top and example test is Rubella Titer
Microbiology
this department analyzes blood and other body fluids for the presence of microorganisms. Tube would be a YELLOW top or a blood culture bottle and an example test is C&S
Blood Bank or Immunohematology
prepares blood products to be used for patient transfusions. Tube would be a PINK top and example of test is Type and Screen
Histology
tests are used to evaluate samples of tissues from surgeries and autopsies under a microscope to determine if they are normal or pathological
Cytology
tests are concerned with the structure of cells
HIPPA
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. a law that was enacted to more closely secure private patient information
Medicare
a medical insurance program that primarily seres individuals over the age of 65 and certain younger individuals who are disabled or on dialysis
Medicaid
an assistance program that serves low-income individuals of any age
Role of Phlebotomist
the individual trained in various techniques to obtain blood for laboratory testing or blood donations. Duties include prepping pts and sites for specimen collection, collecting venipuncture & capillary specimens, preparing specimens for transport, adhering to HIPPA, transporting samples
American Medical Technologist
Certification Title and Initials: Registered Phlebotomy Technician, RPT
American Certification Agency
Certification Title and Initials: Certified Phlebotomy Technician, CPT
American Society for Clinical Pathology
Certification Title and Initials: Phlebotomy Technician, PBT
National Center for Competency Testing
Certification Title and Initials: National Certified Phlebotomy Technician, NCPT
Hemoconcentration
a decrease in the fluid content of the blood with an increase in nonfilterable large molecules or protein-based blood components. Caused by overuse of tourniquet, heavy massaging of draw site, drawing blood from sclerosed or occluded veins, and vigorous hand pumping
Hemolysis
occurs when damaged or destroyed RBC leak hemoglobin in the fluid portion of the blood sample. Caused by drawing blood through a hematoma, failure to transport specimens in a correct manner, probing to find a vein, mixing tubes too vigorously, using a needle that is too small during venipuncture, etc ( Box 9-3 on p 293)
Other ways that can lead to specimen compromise
Underfilling a tube, allowing contamination from alcohol wipes, fingerprints, or drawing in the incorrect order, collecting specimen in wrong or expired tube
QC
Quality Control. specific activities and techniques that are performed to fulfill the requirements for quality service or products
QA
Quality Assurance. processes used to create standards for quality service or product and prevention of issues
TJC
The Joint Commission. an independent, nonprofit org charged with establishing standards for the operation of hospitals and other healthcare facilities.
Class A Fire
ordinary combustibles. use water, foam or dry chemical based extinguishers
Class B fires
flammable liquids. use foam or dry chemical based extinguishers
Class C Fires
electrical equipment fires. use carbon dioxide or dry chemical based extinguishers
Class D Fires
combustible metals. use dry powder based extinguishers
Class K Fires
cooking oil fire. use a potassium-based alkaline liquid extinguisher
First Aid for a Hemorrage
apply controlled pressure to wound and use gauze to control blood leakage
First Aid for Shock
main objective is to improve blood circulation. maintain airway, keep victim laying down, elevate legs at least 12 in if possible and keep victim calm until help arrives
Adult CPR
compression rate 100-120 bpm, compression depth of at least 2 inches, allow full recoil, 2 breaths every 30 compressions
Child CPR
30 compressions- 2 breaths for one responder and 15 compressions - 2 breaths for two responders, compression depth of at least 1.5-2 in, compression rate of 100-120 bpm
Universal Precautions
the blood and certain body fluids (semen, vaginal secretions, internal body fluids, body fluids with visible blood, saliva from dental procedures) of all individuals are to be treated as infectious
PPE
Personal Protective Equipment. these materials provide a barrier against infection. they include gloves, mask/respirators, gown, lab coat, scrubs, face shield, and goggles
Tests used in the screening of HCW
Tb skin test, immunizations including hepatitis B, influenza, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, meningococcal, Tdap, and Varicella
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Admin. a part of the infection control program that provides evaluation and treatment of employees that are exposed to infections on the job
What to do in the event of an accidental needlestick
- Immediately flush site with water
- Write down name and ID# of pt
- Notify supervisor
- Fill out incident form
- Visit physician and monitor health status accordingly
Transverse Plane
divides body the body horizontally into upper and lower portions
Saggital Plane
divides body into left and right portions
Frontal Plane
divides body vertically into front and back portions
Dorsal Cavity
composed of the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
Ventral Cavity
composed of the thoracic, abdominal, and the pelvic cavity
Integumentary System
FUNCTION: protects the body from bacterial invasion, dehydration, and the harmful rays of the sun
STRUCTURES: skin, exocrine glands, hair, and nails
Muscular System
FUNCTION: gives the body the ability to move, maintain posture, and produce heat
STRUCTURES: cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscles
Skeletal System
FUNCTION: the framework that gives the body shape and support, protects internal organs, and aids in providing movement and leverage
STRUCTURES: flat, irregular, long and short bones
Nervous System
FUNCTION: controls and coordinates activities of various body systems by means of electrical impulses and chemical substances sent to and received from various parts of the body
STRUCTURES: Neurons
Endocrine System
FUNCTION: secretes hormones into the bloodstream
STRUCTURES: Pituitary gland (major component)
Digestive System
FUNCTION: takes in food and breaks it down into usable components and eliminates waste
STRUCTURES: Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus
Reproductive System
FUNCTION: to produce gametes needed to form a new human
STRUCTURES: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva, testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal ducts, urethra, penis, spermatic cords, and scrotum
Urinary System
FUNCTION: filters waste products from the blood and eliminate them from the body
STRUCTURES: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and a urethra
Respiratory System
FUNCTION: delivers a constant supply of O2 to all the cells of the body and removes CO2
STRUCTURES: pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Direction of Blood Flow
IVC/SVC –> Pulmonary Valve –> Rt Atrium –> Tricuspid Valve –> Rt ventricle –> Pulmonary Artery –> Lung –> Pulmonary Vein –> Lt Atrium –> Bicuspid Valve –> Lt Ventricle –> Aortic Valve –> Aorta –> Body
Hemostatic Process
- Vasoconstriction: a reduction in the diameter of the blood vessel
- Primary Platelet Plug: a temporary plug
- Secondary Hemostatic Plug Formation: progression to a more stable blood clot
- Fibrinolysis: the dissolving of a clot
How is your blood type determined
depends on which RBC antigen ( A, B, or O), which plasma antibody (Anti A, or B), and whether you have the Rh blood group present in your blood.
Serum
the liquid that remains after blood has been clotted. does not contain fibrinogen
Plasma
the fluid part of the blood used for testing that contains fibrinogen
Needle Gauge
the number that indicates the diameter of the lumen. the smaller the number bigger the diameter of the needle. The most common needle gauges are 20-23.
Order of Draw for Normal Venipuncture Procedure
Blood Culture (Yellow) –> Sodium Citrate (Lt Blue) –> Serum Tube ( Red, Orange, or Gold) –> Heparin (Green) –> EDTA (Lavender or Pink) –> Potassium Oxalate (Grey)
Order of Draw for Capillary Puncture
Blood Gas Specimens (CBGs) –> EDTA –> Other additive –> Serum Specimens
ETDA
is an anticoagulant that removes calcium from the blood. found in lavender, pink, royal blue, tan, and pearl top tubes
Citrates
a type of anticoagulant that binds to calcium to prevent blood clotting. Found in light blue tops, these tubes must contain a 9:1 ratio of blood to additive to get the most accurate test results
Heparin
is an anticoagulant that inhibits thrombin ( an enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin) and factor X. found in green top tubes
Oxalates
an anticoagulant that removes calcium from the blood to prevent clotting. found in grey top tubes
ACD or SPS
prevents coagulation by binding calcium. found in yellow tubes
How Should Ammonia Specimens be transported
Placed in ice slurry or cooling tray and transported stat
PT Test Transport and Handling
these tests should be ran within 4 hrs of collection and can be held at room temp
Tests to keep at Body Temp
Cold agglutinin, cryo-fibrinogen, cryoglobulin
Tests to keep in ice slurry or cooling rack
ACTH, ammonia, catecholamines, gastrin, lactic acid, PTH
Tests that need protection from light
beta-carotene, bilirubin, folate, vitamins A, B, & C, urine porphobilinogen & porphyrins
Nonblood Sample Labeling
Name of pt and one other identifier, date and time of collection, phlebotomist initials, and type or source of specimen
Procedure of 24 Urine Collection
- Void into toilet after waking
- note time and begin collections after this point
- collect throughout the day and refrigerate
- void one last time at the end of 24 hr period
- seal container and transport to lab asap
