the chemistry of life

Question 1

atom

Answer 1

the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics on that element

Question 2

chemical bond

Answer 2

the interaction between atoms to form molecules by either sharing or transferring their outermost electrons

Question 3

ionic bond

Answer 3

donate or gain electrons from another atom

unequal sharing

a complete transfer of electrons between two atoms results in seperate positively charged and negatively charged ions

Question 4

covalent bond

Answer 4

forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

the sharing of electrons rather than the transfer, occurs because the atoms have similar electronegativites

Question 5

molecule

Answer 5

combination of atoms

Question 6

electrolyte

Answer 6

dissociated molecules that have the capacity to conduct an electrical current, the flow of charged particles

dissociate in water

Question 7

chemical reaction

Answer 7

the formation or breaking of chemical bones between atoms, ions, molecules or compounds

Question 8

dissociation

Answer 8

when ionic compound dissolve in water, their ions dissociate or seperate from each other because the positvely charges ions are attracted to the negative ends of the water molecules and vice versa

Question 9

ATP (Adenosine triphophate)

Answer 9

consists of adenosine and three phosphate groups

synthesized when ADP has two phosphate groups, combines with a phosphate group to form the larger ATP molecule

the energy currency of the cell

the bonds between the phosphate molecules and the adenosine molecules store very high amounts of energy

Question 10

potential energy

Answer 10

stored energy

Question 11

equilibrium

Answer 11

when the rate of product formation is equal to the rate of reaction formation

Question 12

acid

Answer 12

proton donor

Question 13

buffers

Answer 13

is a chemical that resists the change in pH when an acid or base is added to a solution containing the buffer

Question 14

enzyme

Answer 14

protein catalyst increases the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds, without the enzyme being permanently changed

lower activation energy

can keep being used over and over again to catalyze a specific type of reaction, using new reactants each time

are protein molecules that are very specific in structure

each enzyme can catalyze only one type of reaction

bring the molecule closer together

producing more can increase the amount of a reaction that can occur quickly

Question 15

inorganic molecules

Answer 15

do not contain carbon

Question 16

activation energy

Answer 16

the energy needed to start the reaction

Question 17

catalysts

Answer 17

enzymes are this

they increase the rate of the reaction without being altered by the reaction

Question 18

carbohydrate

Answer 18

organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms

major roles: they are parts of other organic molecules, they are broken down to provide energy, when undigested they provide bulk (fiber) in feces

Stores of carbs in liver and muscle are limited— meal every 4-5 hours to replenish liver glucogen, carbs are taken on marathon to delay loss of carb storage in muscle

Question 19

lipid

Answer 19

major group of organic molecules that are defined as being relatively insoluble in water

functions: provide protection and insulation, help regular many physiological processes, form membranes, are major energy storage molecules which can be broken down and used as an energy source

Question 20

proteins

Answer 20

regulare body processes

act as a transportation system

provide protection

help muscles contract

provide structure and energy

Question 21

nucleic acid

Answer 21

dna and rna

protein synthesis

form the genetic material of our cells

the sequence of nucleic acids directs the formation of specific proteins that give a cell its unique structures and functions

Question 22

Bonding Between Atoms

Answer 22

Electrons on the outer shell of the atom can be shared or transferred between the atoms that form a bond

The relative electronegativity of the atoms with determine the degree of sharing and the type of bond that they will form

Question 23

non polar Covalent Bond

Answer 23

equal sharing of electron (non-polar) – Hydrogen Molecule( simple structures)

No division in how they share e-

Very strong bond

two atoms result in an even charge distribution among the atoms across the molecule

Question 24

polar Covalent Bond

Answer 24

Unequal sharing of electrons – (polar)(“less equal”)– Water Molecule

• • association

results in a slightly positive charge on one side of the molecule and a slightly negative charge on the other side of the molecule

Question 25

Energy

Answer 25

Forms of energy: chemical, mechanical, heat, electrical, electromagnetic, Potential—kinetic capacity to do work

Question 26

potential energy

Answer 26

when different forms of energy are stored it has the capacity to do work another time

Question 27

kinetic energy

Answer 27

when energy is doing work

Question 28

Chemical Potential Energy

Answer 28

is stored in the bonds between atoms in a molecule – the bonds in fat and carbohydrate molecules in our diet contain stored energy that our body utilizes. Chemical reactions release that energy for cellular work chemical potential energy within the phosphate bonds of ATP can be utilized within a chemical reaction

Question 29

Chemical reaction

Answer 29

when chemical bonds between atoms, ions, molecules or compounds are formed or broken a chemical reaction has occurred

Question 30

Reactants

Answer 30

substances that enter into a chemical reaction Two things going to react together

Question 31

Products

Answer 31

substances that result from a chemical reaction

Question 32

Synthesis Reaction

Answer 32

A + B []C

Question 33

Decomposition Reaction

Answer 33

AB [] A+B -breaking something down into constituents

Question 34

Exchange Reaction

Answer 34

AB = CD [] AC + BD

Question 35

Reversible Reaction

Answer 35

can run in both directions – reaching an equilibrium (balance in forward and reverse reaction rates) Most we have in body are reversible

Question 36

Reversible Reaction – Bicarbonate Buffer

Answer 36

an important reversible reaction that helps maintain H+ (protons – pH) at a homeostatic level - this process is called buffering – and prevents large changes in H+ levels CO2 + H2O [<] [>]H+ + HCO3- If H+ is added to the system – the reaction will move to the left – finding equilibrium (balance) 1. CO2 + H2O [<] [>] H+ + HCO3- H+— reduces change in protons CO2 +H2O < >H + + HCO3 — the body will exhale the extra CO2 from the lungs

Question 37

matter

Answer 37

anything that occupies space and has mass

Question 38

atomic number

Answer 38

number of protons/ electrons in each atom

Question 39

mass number

Answer 39

amount of matter in an object determined by adding the number of protons and neutrons in each atom

Question 40

weight

Answer 40

gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass

Question 41

isotopes

Answer 41

two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of electrons and protons but a different number of neutrons

Question 42

element

Answer 42

simplest type of matter having unique chemical properties

Question 43

electron cloud

Answer 43

orbits the nucleus where electrons are found

Question 44

electric charge

Answer 44

the tendency of particles to be attracted to each other or repulsed from each other

Question 45

hydrogen bond

Answer 45

the attraction of oppositely charged ends of one polar molecule to another polar molecule holds molecules or parts of molecules together

Question 46

properties of water

Answer 46

polar covalent bonds provide water with this stabilizes body temp - water can absorb large amounts of heat and remain a stable temperature (b/c of the movement of H2O molecules and disruption of hydrogen bonds) protects body - lubricant, fluid cushion for around organs (brain) required for many chemical reactions - reacting molecules must be dissolved in water

Question 47

phospolipid head

Answer 47

polar phosphate containing region hydrophillic (likes water and interacts with it)

Question 48

phospolipid tail

Answer 48

nonpolar fatty acids hydrophobic (hates water and seperates from it)