infection and blood loss Flashcards

Question

type AB blood cells

Answer 1

have both A type and B type Antigens and neither antibodies no antibodies

Answer 2

have neither antigen and both anti A and anti –B antibodies universal donor

Answer 3

Some individuals also have Rh antigens on the surface of their red blood cells, these individuals are Rh positive, most people are Rh positive. Rh negative individuals can form anti Rh antibodies after exposure to Rh positive blood. This can be particularly problematic during pregnancy if the blood types are different. when mom is Rh-neg and fetus in Rh pos

Answer 4

type A blood donated to type A recipient does not cause an agglutination reaction because the anti-B antibodies in the recipient do not combine with the type A antigens on the rbcs in the donated blood

Answer 5

type A blood donated to type B recipient causes an agglutination reaction because the anti-A antibodies in the recipient combine with the type A antigens on the rbs in the donated blood hemolysis (our bodies attack!) can cause damage to other tissues, esp. kidneys

Answer 6

lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen and thymus

Answer 7

are collections of lymphoid nodules associated with the pharynx

Answer 8

is involved in lymphocyte production

Answer 9

return fluid to the blood circulation

Answer 10

filters the blood

Answer 11

filter lymph Lymph nodes vary in size and are distributed along lymph vessels Lymph fluid moves through node interacting with lymphocytes and macrophages remove and destroy pathogens. Activated lymphocytes (can divide and reproduce) can also enter blood stream to attack pathogens as part of Adaptive Immunity. fluid will usually pass through at least once before capillary

Answer 12

microorganisms that cause disease or damage to tissues

Answer 13

maintenance of fluid balance lipid absorption defense

Answer 14

Fluid (and blood contents) not reabsorbed after filtration at the capillaries enters the lymphatic capillaries. Eventually returning to venous blood just before the right atrium lymph (fluid inside lymphatic capillaries)

Answer 15

Chylomicrons (packaged triglycerides) are absorbed from epithelial cells of small intestine into lacteals of lymphatic system. Eventually entering venous blood just before the right atrium. lipids pass here before entering venous circulation

Answer 16

Pathogens are filtered from lymph at lymph nodes (by speen) – lymphocytes can destroy pathogens

Answer 17

Immunity is the ability to protect against damage from pathogens (bacteria, viruses), chemical toxins or cancer cells innate and adaptive

Answer 18

recognition and destruction of pathogens – response is the same each time we are exposed to the pathogen. non specific resistance phagocytic cells (ingestion and destruction and then they usually die) neutrophils - pus (accummilation of fluid, dead neutrophils) macrophage (monocyte- ingests larger items. in circulation then move into tissue) NK cells (release chemicals and recognize cells invaders and bust them) inflammation - basophils, eosinophils always active, even when we are healthy involves physical barriers like skin, mucous, tears, and saliva to prevent entry to bloodstream either general response or impact the area around it

Answer 19

recognition and destruction of pathogens – response improves with each encounter of the pathogen specific immunity

Answer 20

Specificity – recognition of a particular substance (antigen) – e.g. a type of - bacteria Memory – recall of previous interaction with a specific substance. Allows body to have an enhanced rapid response with re-exposure to same specific substance.

Answer 21

antibody mediated immunity - B lymphocyte cells cell mediated immunity - specific T lymphocyte cells

Answer 22

redness, heat, swelling, pain, specific body area, increase blood flow and vascular permeability

Answer 23

E.g. Bacteria entering stimulates release of chemical mediators – histamine, prostaglandins, complement. 1. Increased blood flow brings white blood cells to area - tissue damage occurs 2. Phagocytes enter infected tissue 3. Fibrinogen and Complement enter due to enhanced permeability - chemical mediators are released - Fibrin isolates infection - Complement attracts more phagocytes. - chemotaxis, increased vascular permeability, increased blood flow - increased number of wbcs and chemical mediators at site of tissue damage - bacteria is contained, destroyed and phagocytized 4. Tissue repair and recovery - if bacteria is gone then additional chemical mediators activated

Answer 24

adaptive immunity substance that initiates adaptive immunity - introduced from outside the body – microorganisms, chemicals released from microorganisms – often portion of protein or polysaccharide

Answer 25

Major histocompatibility Complex – contain binding sites for antigens -MHC class 1 – display internal antigens on most cells -MHC class 2 – display external antigens on antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and B lymphocytes - present foreign antigen to activate the immune system

Answer 26

Lymphocytes (T Cells) – effective against intracellular microorganisms

Answer 27

lymphocytes (B cells) produce; - Daughter B cells to specific antigen. - Daughter B cells produce; - plasma cells – make antibodies specific to the antigen - Memory B cells – retain awareness of antigen and stimulate fast, secondary response with reinfection

Answer 28

1. Antigen presenting cell (macrophage) displays processed antigen through MHC class II molecules. 2. Processed antigen binds with T-cell receptor to activate Helper T-cell 3. Interleukin -1 acts as a paracrine co-stimulator Interleukin-2 acts as an autocrine stimulator. 4/5.Produce Daughter helper T cells (can divide again) and memory Helper T cells

Answer 29

Target cell has been invaded by microorganism 1. Presents processed internal antigen on surface (MHC Class 1) 2. Processed antigen interacts with T cell receptor 4. Co stimulation from Helper T cell 5. Division to increase ability to combat infection and destroy other infected cells and activate other immune responses (cytokine release)- to have a more robust response chemical reaction that can attract t-cells; other immune response -(ie/ macrophages)

Answer 30

B-cell receptor binds specific unprocessed antigen Processed antigen displayed by MHC class 2 Helper T cell binds and is activated Interleukins release to activate B cell proliferation Daughter B cells created Plasma cells able to produce antibodies specific to antigen produced Memory B cell specific to antigen produced

Answer 31

region that combines with antigen changes with each antibody for one antigen only

Answer 32

consistant for all types of antibodies

Answer 33

antibody binding inactivates the antigen antibodies bind several antigens together activate the complement cascade initiate the release of inflammatory chemicals facilitate phagocytosis

Answer 34

active and passive

Answer 35

natural and artificial

Answer 36

natural and artificial

Answer 37

immunity is provided by the individual's own immune system

Answer 38

immunity is transferred from another person or animal

Answer 39

antigens are introduced through natural exposure that stimulates immune system to respond against antigen not immune during the first exposure, so develops symptoms ie/ getting an infection

Answer 40

antigens are deliberately introduced in a vaccine usually consists of part of the pathogen antigen changed to stimulate immune response and not cause disease symptoms

Answer 41

antibodies from the mother are transferred to her child across the placenta or in milk before birth protect baby for first few months and then wear down

Answer 42

antibodies produced by another person or an animal are injected

Answer 43

To stimulate an immune response, a foreign antigen needs to be present within the body The antigen can be a portion of a viral or bacterial protein. As with traditional vaccines, the entire virus is not needed to stimulate antibody recognition and an immune response. COVID 19 mRNA vaccines use a portion of viral mRNA that encodes for the spike proteins on the surface of a coronavirus (the crown) which are ideal targets for vaccines. When we are given the vaccine, the mRNA enters our cells and our cell machinery (Ribosomes) manufactures the viral spike proteins that can then be presented on the surface as antigens. The viral antigens stimulate an immune response, and the generation of memory cells. The memory cells provide us with antibody mediated immunity to infection from the intact COVID 19 virus if we are ever exposed to it. As only a small portion of the virus enters our body, we do not get an actual infection. The viral mRNA never enters our nucleus, and is broken down quite quickly

Answer 44

The antigens that are recognized memory B-cell and able to stimulate antibody mediated immunity are small portions of a COVID 19 virus. The COVID 19 virus can mutate, changing it genes, and slightly alter its structure which can result in a change to how infectious it is and or a change in how likely those infected are to have severe symptoms. When the COVID 19 virus (or other virus) mutates it may change a portion of its protein structure. If the antigen portion of the virus mutates, our immune system will less readily recognize the virus, our antibody mediated immune response will be less robust, but there will likely still be significant protection. Variants of the viral antigen could impact both our natural (infection) and artificial (vaccine) actively acquired adaptive Immune responses