respiratory

Question 1

ventilation

Answer 1

movement of air into and out of the lungs

can modify ie/ for musical instruments

can be voluntary or involuntary

Question 2

respiration

Answer 2

diffusion of gases across cell membranes

Question 3

external respiration

Answer 3

movement between atmosphere and blood, through alveoli

Question 4

internal respiration

Answer 4

movement between blood and body cells (e.g. skeletal muscle)

Question 5

cellular respiration

Answer 5

synthesis of ATP aerobically within body cells – utilizing O2 and producing CO2

Question 6

additional functions of respiratory system

Answer 6

regulation of blood pH, voice, olfaction, protection

Question 7

conducting zone

Answer 7

nose to smallest tubes in lungs, but strictly ventilation

Question 8

respiratory zone

Answer 8

just lungs, gas exchange

Question 9

nasal cavity

Answer 9

passageway for air

contains olfactory epithelium, helps determine voice sound

cleans, warms and humidifies inspired air

Question 10

pharynx

Answer 10

throat

prevents swallowed materials from entering the layers and lower respiratory tract

shared passageway for food and air

Question 11

larynx

Answer 11

windpipe

air cleaning tube, funnels inspired air to each lung

Question 12

bronchi

Answer 12

direct air into lungs

Question 13

what parts are in the upper respiratory tracts

Answer 13

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

Question 14

what parts are in the lower respiratory tract

Answer 14

bronchi and lungs

Question 15

bronchdilation

Answer 15

muscle relaxes making bronchiole diameter larger

Question 16

bronchoconstriction

Answer 16

Smooth muscle contracts broncho bronchiole diameter larger.

· makes asthma attacks · severe during

Question 17

alveoli

Answer 17

have air sacs that allow
for expansion during Inspiration & recoil during expiration

Question 18

surfactant

Answer 18

reduces surface tension

keeps alveoli inflated

prevents alveoli from collapse

Question 18

pleural pressure

Answer 18

pressure between parietal and visceral pleural

could result in pnemothorax

Question 19

respiratory membrane

Answer 19

if any of these layers increase in thickness rate of gas diffusion could be changed

location of external respiration

where oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide exists

thin

one layer epithelium - essential for gas exchange

components: alveolar cell ayer, interstitial space between alveolar laer and capillary layer, capillary endothelial layer

Question 20

ventilation - mechanics of breathing

Answer 20

Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Molecules move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.

Boyle’s Law - the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

Question 21

muscles of inspiration

Answer 21

increase volume, decrease pressure, air draws in

contract to increase volume

sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
pectoralis minor
external intercostals
diaphragm (contracted - seperates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity)

Question 22

muscles of expiration

Answer 22

decrease volume
increase pressure

internal intercostals
abdominal muscles

diaphragm relaxed

Question 23

pressure gradients during end of expiration

Answer 23

no air movement

alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure

Question 24

pressure gradients during inspiration

Answer 24

air moves in thorax expands - increases thoracic volume lungs expand, alveolar volume increases alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure - causing air to move in diaphragm contracts

Question 25

pressure gradients during the end of inspiration

Answer 25

no air movement alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure volume of lungs larger than at the end of inspiration

Question 26

pressure gradients during inspiration

Answer 26

air moves out decreased alveolar volume alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure - air flows out of the lungs thorax volume decreases thorax and lungs recoils diaphragm relaxes

Question 27

what happens during inspiration

Answer 27

thoracic volume increases, air pressure decreases within thoracic cavity downward movement of diaphragm is responsible for 2/3 of thoracic volume increase - facilitated by relaxation of ab muscles pressure and volume have an inverse relationship air flows into lungs down pressure gradient which is provided by atmospheric pressure (combined force of all gases that make up the air we breather) air pressure outside the body is greater than on the alveoli therefore air flows into body through the trachea and bronchi to the alveoli alveolar pressure < atmospheric pressure as it begins, contraction of inspiratory muscles increase thoracic volume results in an expansion of lungs and increase in alveolar volume increase alveolar volume causes decrease in intra-alveolar pressure below atmospheric pressure air flows into lungs because barometric air pressure is greater than pressure in alveoli at end of inspiration, thorax stops expanding, alveoli stop expanding and pressure inside alveoli becomes equal to barometric air pressure because of air flow into lungs volume of lungs larger no movement of air occurs after pressure in alveoli becomes qual to atmospheric pressure when thoracic wall expands during inspiration, parietal pleura exerts an outward force on viscera; pleura covering lungs and the lungs expand pleural pressure pulls lungs outward and is lower than pressure inside the alveoli

Question 28

pneumothorax

Answer 28

punctured ing may lead to build up of air in pleural space can cause increase pressure in lung making breathing difficult doctor may insert hollow needle to allow or to escape

Question 29

serous membrane

Answer 29

line pleural cavity

Question 30

sternum

Answer 30

chest bone in front of heart protects it

Question 31

lung recoil

Answer 31

lungs decrease in size after they have been stretched elastic recoil surface tension because hydrogen bonding within the alveoli

Question 32

pleural cavity

Answer 32

region between parietal pleura and visceral pleura

Question 33

Spirometry

Answer 33

process of measuring volumes of air in and out of the respiratory system.

Question 34

Respiratory volumes

Answer 34

Tidal volume - 500 ml (at rest)- volume of quiet breathing- Air inspired and expired with each breath. Increases when a person is more active. Expiratory reserve volume -- 1100ml (at rest) -air forcefully expired after normal breath. Residual volume- 1200 ml - air remaining after forced exhalation. Inspiratory reserve volume - 3000ml (at rest) - air that can be inspired forcefully after normal inspiration.

Question 35

Respiratory capacities

Answer 35

Inspiratory Capacity - Tidal plus Inspiratory Reserve Volume. Max amount of air a person can inspire after a normal inspiration. 3500 mL at rest. Vital Capacity (4600 a t rest) - - Inspiratory Capacity plus Expiratory reserve. +tital volume. Max air a person can expell after a max inspiration. Functional residual capacity - Expiratory Reserve plus Residual (2300mL at rest). Amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal inspiration. Total lung capacity. - All volumes. sum of =5800 mL at rest.

Question 36

Alveolar Ventilation

Answer 36

portion of air available for gas exchange per air that enters alveoli --> needs to reach here to be used for gas exchange. Only a portion of each breath reaches alveoli for gas exchange.

Question 37

Anatomical Dead Space

Answer 37

portion of breath that does not reach alveoli, and not involved includes structures in upper respiratory tract and lower until terminal bronchioles. nearly same in healthy person