Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BPK 105 > Cell Structures And Their Functions > Flashcards

Cell Structures And Their Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

protein scaffolding creating internal framework of the cell, holds organelles in place and allows cell to change shape

Maintains orientation—ie/ ATP where we need it

Helps with moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nucleus

A

Variable location within the cell

Contains genetic material of cell(DNA) and nucleoli; site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

therefor determines the cell’s structure and function

Maintain functional protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ribosomes

A

In cytoplasm

Site of protein synthesis

protein based organelle in the cytoplasm that guides the synthesis of protein molecules from the mRNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
(rough ER)

A

In cytoplasm

Has many ribosomes attached; site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

In cytoplasm

Modifies protein structure and packages protein in secretory vesicles

curved membrane bound sacs

collects, modifies and packages proteins in secretory vesicles – e.g. protein secretion (insulin)

Membrane can be incorporated into cell membrane

Most prevalent in cells that secrete protein enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Secretory vesicle

A

In cytoplasm

Contains materials produced in the cell; formed by Golgi apparatus; secreted by exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mitochondrion

A

In cytoplasm

Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis

major site of ATP production in the cell

Enzymes for the chemical reactions that break the bonds within fats and carbohydrates to produce ATP – energy currency of cell

Cells that require a lot of ATP (muscle) have more mitochondria

Lots in skeletal and heart muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cell Metabolism and Energy utilization

A

Metabolism - all the chemical reactions within a cell.

Potential energy released during metabolic reactions is used for cellular
work – making molecules, muscle contraction, transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Synthesis of Molecules

A

Cells make proteins, nucleic acids, lipids,

The types of molecules are made by specific cells is based on their differentiated structure, the structure is guided by the selective gene expression of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Communication

A

Chemical (hormone) and electrical (ion movement) signals are essential for cellular, tissue organ and organism survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reproduction and Inheritance

A

Each cell contains a full copy of your unique genetic information

When cells divide, this information is copied for the new cell

Specialized cells transmit this information when we reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement is driven by concentration gradient

Molecules move from area of high concentration to low concentration

With the concentration gradient through the lipid portion of the cell membrane or through membrane channels

Does not require ATP

passive membrane transport

results from natural, constant random motion of all solutes in a solution

ie/ smoke throughout a room

ie/ O2, CO2,CL-, urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Osmosis

A

special name for diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Water moves by osmosis from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

With the concentration gradient (for water) through the lipid portion of the cell membrane or through membrane channels

Does not require ATP

even though water is polar it is small enough it can move across

occurs when a concentration gradient is present

ie/ Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Driven by concentration gradient

Does not require ATP

Requires carrier molecule or carrier molecules

Glucose movement
into most cells

With the concentration gradient by carrier molecules

Does not require ATP

mediated transport involving membrane proteins

high concentration to low concentration

size shape and charge determiner if it can pass through a channel ie/ sodium, and potassium channels. rapid water movement

channels are leak channels and gated channels

ie/ Glucose in most cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Low ions

When a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water enters the cell by osmosis(arrows).
Causing the cell to swell or even lyse (puff of cytoplasm in lower part of cell)

Lyse means to burst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Allows for movement in both directions

When a red blood cell is placed in a isotonic solution, water moves into and out of the same cell at the same rate (arrows). No net water movement occurs, and the cell shape remains normal

equal

concentration on sides are same of H2O and solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

High ions

Outside cell, water moves out

When a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water moves by osmosis out of the cell and into the solution (arrows), resulting in crenation (shrink)

increased concentration of solutes and decreased concentration of water, H2O moves from cell into hypertonic solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Active transport

A

movement of Sodium (Na+)- out and Potassium (K+) - in against their concentration gradients are directly driven by the chemical energy from ATP

Required for recovery from muscle contraction, never signal conduction

Against the concentration gradient by carrier molecules

essential for maintaining RMP

Requires ATP - stops when ATP isn’t available

Na+,K+,Ca2+,H+, and amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Secondary active transport

A

movement of glucose against its concentration gradient is linked to the movement of sodium (Na+) down its concentration gradient

The sodium gradient is established by active transport and use of ATP. The movement of glucose into cells of small intestine

Uses the gradient build by sodium K+ pump

Against the concentration gradient by carrier molecules; the energy for secondary active transport of one substance comes from the concentration gradient of another

sodium potassium pump maintains sodium gradient - provides energy for moving glucose against its concentration gradient

Requires ATP

Glucose, amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cell cycle

A

most of the time a cell is involved in normal metabolic function, during
growth and development, or tissue repair, cell division is required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Interphase; G1 phase

A

Cell function and metabolism
- Co-ordination of cell growth, replication, differentiation and death (apoptosis)

22
Q

Interphase; S phase

A

DNA replication

23
Q

Interphase; G2 phase

A

preparation for cell division

Repair DNA damage and replication errors

24
Q

Cell Division (mitosis); M phase

A

Formation of daughter cells

25
Differentiation
development of specialized structures and function within cells Selective activation and inactivation of segments of DNA Many cell types with specific structure are required to contribute all the unique functions essential for our survival
26
Bone cells
Framework Levers to activate movement
27
Nerve cells
Input signals
28
Muscle cells
Movement
29
List the four main functions of a cell.
1. Cell metabolism and energy use. The chemical reactions that occur within cells are collectively called cell metabolism. Energy released during metabolism is used for cell activities, such as the synthesis of new molecules, muscle contraction, and heat production, which helps maintain body temperature. 2. Synthesis of molecules. Cells synthesize various types of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The different cells of the body do not all produce the same molecules. Therefore, a cell’s structural and functional characteristics are determined by the types of molecules the cell produces. 3. Communication. Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals that allow them to communicate with one another. For example, nerve cells communicate with one another and with muscle cells, causing muscle cells to contract. 4. Reproduction and inheritance. Each cell contains a copy of the genetic information of the individual. Specialized cells (sperm cells and oocytes) transmit that genetic information to the next generation.
30
main functions of cell membrane
support cell contents act as selective barrier (determine what can come in and out)
31
phospholipid movement
cholesterol within gives strength and stability by limiting how much they can move
32
cytoplasm
material surrounding nucleus enclosed by cell membrane
33
organelles
specialized structures within cells perform specific functions in the cell
34
cell membrane
outer boundary of the cell selective - allows some substances to pass, but not others semi-permeable, creates membrane potential
35
solution
solutes and solvent
36
solutes
substances dissolved in a predominant liquid or gas
37
solvent
liquid or gas
38
osmotic pressure
force required to prevent movement of H20 across a membrane greater concentration of solution = greater OP and tendency for H2O to move into a solution
39
hydrostatic pressure
as solution rises, the weight of the solution produce this pushes water out of the tube back into H2O surrounding tube
40
carrier molecules
can move water soluble molecules or electrically charge ions across cell membrane
41
specificity
carriers and channels have this only specific molecules are transported by carriers
42
cystic fibrosis
a genetic disorder that affects that active transport of chloride into cells
43
cotransport
diffusing substance moves in same direction as transported substance
44
countertransport
diffusing substance moves in a direction opposite to that of transported substances
45
endocytosis
movement into cells by vesicles requires ATP ingestion of particles by phagocytosis of receptor-mediated endocytosis and liquids by pinocytosis cell membrane contains specific receptor molecules that bind uptake of material though cell membrane by formation of a vesicle cell membrane invaginates to form a vesicle around the material to be take into the cell
46
exocytosis
movement out of cells by vesicles requires ATP secretion of proteins release of substances into environment around the cell through fusion of vesicle with cell membrane secretory vesicles accumulates materials for release from cell
47
gene expression
info stored in genes of DNA molecules directs the manufacture of various proteins of our cells genes provide instructions for making specific proteins
48
DNA
is found within the nucleus of human cells loosely coiled as chromatin during normal cell function - this allows access to the DNA for the formation of mRNA - directs protein synthesis
49
transcription
Formation of Messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA Chromatin (loose DNA) separates to allow access to one side of the DNA double helix (pairs of nucleotides) A copy of a gene or segment of DNA strand is made by pairing specific individual RNA nucleotides with the DNA in sequence As more RNA nucleotides are added, and enzymes catalyzes a bond between the RNA nucleotides, forming a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand This encoded ‘message’ (mRNA) then moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to direct the formation of protein molecules occurs in nucleus each nucleotide matches one of the bases the sequence of nucleotides serve as a template - after DNA pairs with RNA an enzyme catalyzes reactions that form chemical bonds with RNA to form mRNA mRNA moves to ribosomes in the cytoplasm so translation can occur the double strands of DNA seperate
50
translation
an mRNA sequence guides the formation of a protein molecule The information in the mRNA sequence is carried in groups of three nucleotides (codons) The structure and function of a protein is determined by its amino acid sequence. The alignment of amino acids with the mRNA sequence requires additional types of RNA molecules tRNA (transfer RNA) – each tRNA has three nucleotides (anticodon ) that can pair with the mRNA codon. There are unique tRNA molecules for each mRNA codon. Each tRNA is associated with a different type of amino acid that matches its anticodon, and an mRNA codon matches its anticodon, and an mRNA codon A ribosome guides the association between the mRNA and tRNA molecule. An mRNA codon pairs with the appropriate tRNA anticodon. A peptide bond forms between amino acids aligned by adjacent codons in ribosome The next amino acid is aligned to the sequence and bonded to the growing chain of amino acids until a stop message codon is read amino acids are linked to form a polypeptide chain. the polypeptide chain is modified to become a protein

BPK 105 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions