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perception Flashcards

1
Q

general senses

A

receptors distributed over a large part of the body

split into somatic and visceral

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2
Q

what two categories are sense split into

A

general and special

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3
Q

somatic senses

A

located in skin, muscles and joints

info about body and environments

touch, pressure, proprioception, temperature and pain

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4
Q

visceral stimuli

A

located in internal organs

pain and pressure

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5
Q

special senses

A

smell, taste, vision, hearing and balance

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6
Q

sensation

A

process initiated by stimulating sensory receptors

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7
Q

perception

A

conscious awareness of stimuli

results when APs reach cerebral cortex

stimulation of sensory receptors does not immediately result in perception

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8
Q

sensory receptors

A

respond to stimuli by generating APs

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9
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

mechanical stimuli, bending or stretching

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10
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemical stimuli, odor molecules to perceive smell

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11
Q

photoreceptors

A

light stimuli

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12
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature change stimuli

can be difficult to distinguish between very hot and cold, because we just sense pain

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13
Q

nociceptors

A

pain stimuli

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14
Q

what are the types of touch receptors

A

merkel disks
hair follicle receptor
meissner corpuscles
ruffini corpuscle
pacinian corpuscle

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15
Q

free nerve endings

A

simple and most common

unspecialized

distributed throughout body

respond to painful stimuli, temperature, itch or movement

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16
Q

merkel disks

A

detect light touch and superficial pressure

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17
Q

hair follicle receptor

A

detects light touch

sensitive, not very discriminating (point of touch cannot be located)

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18
Q

proprioception

A

sense of movement and position of body and limbs

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19
Q

meissner corpuscles

A

involve in fine, discriminative touch

specific to localizing

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20
Q

ruffini corpuscle

A

detects continuous touch or pressure

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21
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

detects deep pressure, vibration, and position

associated with tendons and joints

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22
Q

local anesthesia

A

supresses AP from pain receptors in local areas of the body through injection of chemical anesthetics near a sensory receptor or nerve

suppression pain
sensation by blocking action potential
form pain receptors with administration
of chemicals locally
- dentist injection, creams

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23
Q

general anesthesia

A

can supressed if loss of consciousness is produced

a treatment where chemical anesthetics that affect the RAS are administered

suppress RAS - damage to cells of reticular formation can cause coma

loss of Referred Pain
consciousness to suppress pain sensation and awareness is being shut down
- affect reticular system
- used in surgery

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24
Q

injections of anesthetics by dentist

A

designed to block sensory transmission through branches of trigeminal nerve from teeth

these dental branches of the trigeminal nerve are probably anethesize more often than any other nerves in the body

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25
Pain sensation can be percieved as
types: 1. Localized, sharp, pricking or cutting pain - Rapid action potentials -2. Diffuse, burning or aching pain - Slow action potentials Rubbing skin can inhibit pain signals by stimulating other sensory receptors in area, this may reduce perception of pain can dictate damage in certain areas
26
referred pain
perception of pain in other region in the body that is not the source of the pain stimulus often sense when deeper structures such as internal organs are damaged or inflamed occurs because sensory neurons from superficial area to which the pain is referred and neurons from the deeper, visceral area where the pain stimulation originates converge onto the same ascending neurons in the spinal cord the brain cannot distinguish between the two sources of pain stimuli and the painful sensation is referred to the most superficial structures innervated, such as the skin
27
olfaction
smell occurs in response to odorants airborne molecules dissolve in the mucous (need to dissolve for us to perceive) and bind to olfactory receptors on epithelial cells within the nasal cavity neurons are bipolar don't pass through thalamus adaptation - we are very aware of smell when we first smell it in a room and become aware of it eventually path: olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, olfactory cortex
28
taste
sour, salty, bitter, sweet, umami (savoury) each taste bud usually sensitve to one
29
papillae
all over surface of tongue taste buds are within this
30
taste bud
detect taste stimuli
31
taste hair
draws taste in
32
lacrimal gland
produce tears
33
what are the muscles in the eye for movement
inferior rectus muscle inferior oblique muscles
34
eyebrow
prevent perspiration from running down forehead, causing irritation shade eyes from direct sunlight
35
conjunctiva
secretions that help lubricate eye
36
eyelids and eyelashs
protect eyes from foreign objects blinking to keep eyes lubricated
37
what are the tunics of the eye
fibrous vascular nervous
38
fibrous tunic
connective tissue holds structure of the eye, maintaining integrity outer tunic, sclera and cornea
39
vascular tunic
middle tunic most blood vessels (choroid), iris and ciliary muscles
40
nervous tunic
has retina pigmented retina, sensory retina (photoreceptors and interneurons)
41
viterous humour
needs to be clear for passage of light liquid in eye
42
sclera
connective tissue layer, helps maintain shape of eye, protects internal structures and attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles
43
cornea
transparent permit light by bending and refracting convex structure - light converges
44
lens
can modify its shape to see close and far fine adjustments of shape (accommodation) - allows image to focus on retina
45
iris
coloured part
46
choroid
vascular network
47
ciliary body
adjusts lens focuses light on back of eye
48
posterior and anterior chamber
located between cornea and lens iris seperates them
49
aqueous humour
fills anterior chamber helps maintain pressure within the eye, refracts light and provides nutrients to inner surface of the eye
50
glaucoma
pressure in the eye increases
51
refraction
bending of light as they pass through eye surfaces
52
pupil
allows light into eye
53
distant vision
ciliary muscles in the ciliary body are relaxed tension in suspensory ligaments is high lens flattens
54
near vision
ciliary muscles in the ciliary body contract, moving ciliary body toward lens tension in suspensory ligaments is low lens thickened - causes more convergence
55
20/20 vision
able to read at 20 feet what normal people can read 20 feet away
56
20/10 vision
able to read at 20 feet away what normal people can read at 10 feet away
57
what happens when light strikes photoreceptors
they produce APs within the visual pathway optic nerve conveys AP to brain where perception occurs
58
rods
numerous, very sensitive dim light no colour info rhodopsin
59
cones
colour vision blue, green and red
60
interneurons
processing regulate and relay changes in photoreceptor activity
61
rhodopsin
1. rhodopsin molecule intact prior to light exposure 2. exposed to light retinal changes shape which changes activity of rhodopsin molecule 3. change in rhodopsin stimulates a response in rods, resulting in vision 4. retinal detaches from opsin 5. ATP required to change retinal to original form 6. form change allows retinal to reattach to opsin and retunr rhopsin to form before it was stimulated by light
62
depth perception
binocular vision depth perception requires both eyes and occurs where two visual fields overlap brain processes two images into 3D view
63
auricle
focus sound and bring them into external auditory canal
64
tympanic membrane
vibrates - stimulates bones of middle ear to move at same frequency
65
cochlea
fluid stimulates specialized receptors to make electrical
66
2 major steps in hearing
1. conduction of sound waves 2. stimulation of hearing receptors
67
pathway of hearing
- Sound waves are captured by auricle move into external auditory canal to impact tympanic membrane (1). - Movement of ossicles (2) in middle ear moves Oval window (3) to create waves within perilymph fluid (4) in the scala vestibuli compartment of inner ear - Perilymph movements displace the vestibular membrane (5) and cause vibrations in the endolymph fluid in the cochlear duct, displacing the basilar membrane stimulating action potential in hair cells (6), fluid wave is dissipated through round window (7) Perilymph movements displace the vestibular membrane and cause vibrations in the endolymph fluid in the cochlear duct, displacing the basilar membrane Movement of the basilar membrane separates it from the immovable tectorial membrane - Microvilli in hair cells between basilar and tectorial membrane of spiral organ bend, stimulating action potential down cochlear nerve
68
static equilibrium
vestibule of inner ear position of head relative to gravity associated with vestibule and is evaluating the position of the head each chamber contains specialized patches of epithelium clled maculae which are surrounded by endolymph vestibule can be divided into ultricle and saccule
69
otoliths
particles made of protein and calcium carbonate moves in response to gravity, bending the hair cell microvilli and initiating APs in the associated neurons the APs from neurons are carried by axons of the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain where they are interpreted as a change in the position of the head ie/ when a person bends over, the maculae are displaced by gravity and the resultant APs provide info to brain concerning the position of the head ear stone help give gelatin mass weight
70
dynamic equilibrium
changes in direction and rate of head movement - tell how quickly it moves associated with semicircular cancles of the ear cristae ampullaris
71
semicircular canals of the ear
3 in each ear located in all three planes to get info from each direction continuous stimulaion causes motion sickness; creating nausea and weakness brain compares input from here, eyes and propriocepters in the back and lower limbs. conflicting input from these sources can lead to motion sickness places at nearly right angles to one another, enabling a person to detect movemetns in any direction
72
cristae ampullaris
in the ampulla at the base of semicircular canals
73
cupula
moves with the head - causing hair cell microvilli to bend, initiating depolarization in the hair cells - initiating APs in vestibular nerves which join cochlear nerves to form vestibulocochlear nerves structure is similar to maculae, but has no otoliths displaced by endolymph movement

BPK 105 (11 decks)

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