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The changing UK landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed

A

Formed of small particles that have been eroded, transported & deposited in layers or from remains of plants and animals

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2
Q

How are igneous rocks formed

A

Created by volcanic activity when magma or lava cools, forming crystals that are usually hard

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3
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed

A
  • From other rocks changing by extreme heat and pressure
  • Usually form from layers/ bands of crystals and very hard
  • Shale (can be compressed into Slate) or Limestone (that is transformed into marble)
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4
Q

What are the 3 types of rock

A

Igneous
Metamorphic
Sedimentary

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5
Q

Name two types of sedimentary rocks

A

Sandstone

Chalk

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6
Q

Name two types of igneous rocks

A

Basalt

Granite

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7
Q

Name two types of metamorphic rocks

A

Slate

Marble

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8
Q

What is the line that divides upland and lowland areas of England

A

Exe-tees

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9
Q

Where is the Bowerman’s nose

A

Datmoor- South-West England

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10
Q

What is evidence that the Bowerman’s nose is still going under weathering process

A

It’s surrounded by clitter slates

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11
Q

Where is Malham Cove

A

Yorkshire Dale.
Northern England
Center of Britain

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12
Q

What is the storyline of Malham Cove?

A
  1. Over millions of years, earth movements caused the large middle craven fault to form with softer rock slipping, creating a line of limestone cliffs
  2. About 150 000 years ago at the end of the ice last age, melting water from glaciers created a massive waterfall that eroded the cliff back towards its current position. The combination of water flowing over the cave, as well as erosion, weathering, and mass movement processes, created the round face seen today
  3. along the top of Malham Cove the unique structure of the carboniferous limestone has created limestone pavements
  4. The rock has cracks
  5. as rainwater passes through the lines of weaknesses in the rock, which makes the joints bigger
  6. The widening and deepening of the cracks on the surface from grykes, exposing blocks of limestone called clints, and creating the pavement
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13
Q

What are grykes

A

The gaps in between clints

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14
Q

What rock are most North and the South Downs mostly made from

A

Chalk (sedimentry)

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15
Q

What is the South Downs place called

A

Seven sisters

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16
Q

True / false
Chalk forms gentle hill inland and steep cliffs at the coast Limestone and chalk have calcium carbonate. Carbonic acid wears it away

A

True

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17
Q

What does escarment mean

A

A cliff face/ serious of cliffs and ridges

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18
Q

What do bays and headlands form

A

Discordant

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19
Q

Name two types of metamorphic rocks

A

Limestone

Marble

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20
Q

What percentage of South Down National Park is farmland

A

85%

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21
Q

How many farm businesses operate in South Down National Park

A

1100

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22
Q

What are pros of farming in South Down National Park

A
  • The income of farming is good for the economy 60% of the employment in the park
  • Arable farming has contributed towards supporting rare bird species
  • The formation of hedgerows and field margin has lead to wildlife corridors for bats
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23
Q

What are cons of farming in South Down National Park

A

○ Less farming and changing in farming practices has reduced the presence of arabile plant, which has damaged
○Less chalk from the chemicals in farming
○ The decline of traditional practices has led to overgrazing and scrubbing encroachment

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24
Q

Define national park

A

A large area of natural land protected by the government because of national beauty, plants and animals

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25
Q

Define arable farming

A

The farming of crops such as wheat and barley

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26
Q

Define coppices

A

Woodland where the trees or shrubs are cut back every few years for firewood ir timber

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27
Q

Define cultivation

A

The action of using the land for agriculture purposes

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28
Q

Define wildlife corridor

A

A link of wildlife habitat which joins two or more larger areas of similar wildlife habitat

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29
Q

Define scrub encroachment

A

The gradual invasion of bushes due to lack of management

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30
Q

Define biodiversity

A

The number and variety of living species found in a specific area

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31
Q

Define spring-line settlement

A

Where there is a ridge if permeable rock lying over impermeable rock; with a line of springs the boundary between the two layers

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32
Q

Define escarpments

A

A long, steep slope, especially one at the edge of a plateau or separating areas of land at different heights

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33
Q

How many people live in South Downs

A

120 000 people

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34
Q

Define Abrasion

A

A form of erosion where loose material and sediment ‘sandpapers’ the walls and floors of the river, cliff or glacier

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35
Q

What is backshore

A

The upper beach closest to the land, including any cliffs and sand dunes

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36
Q

What is beach nourishment

A

The addition of sand and sediment to an eroding beach by humans. The new material will be eroded by the sea which saves the cliffs or sand dunes from erosion or ressession

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37
Q

What is a concordant coast

A

A coast line where bands of alternate geology run parallel to the coast

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38
Q

What is corrasion

A

A form of mechanical erosion where material and sediment in the sea is flung at the cliff-face as waves break against it, this breaks up the rocks making up the cliff

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39
Q

What are facrors for the upper course

A

○ Steep slopes
○ Shallow, quite fast flowing river
○ V-shaped valleys, waterfalls
○ Erosion

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40
Q

What are facrors for the middle course

A 
○ Gentle slopes
○  Gentle valley sides
○ River getting wider
○  Meandors
○  Ox bow lakes
○  Flood plain
○  Transpiration
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41
Q

What are facrors for the lower course

A

○Floodplains

○Deltas

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42
Q

What are uses of the River Dee

A

○94% of the catchment is rural, including forestry, sheep farming and pasture in the upper-valley and dairy farming and arable farming in the lower valley

○ The river is an important source of water for approximately three million people in Wales and north-west England
○The river supports large areas of important habitats, including rare plant and wildlife species such as those for the otter and water vole
○ The River Dee and its estuary are famous for commercial and recreational fishing
○Parts of the catchment, such as he Snowdonia National Park, contain beautiful landscapes which are popular for recreation and tourism
○ Key communication routes run alongside the River Dee, including the Chester to Holyhead railway line, as well as the A55 and A483 primary roads

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43
Q

What are physical factors physical changing the river (case study: River Dee)

A

○ Peroids of drought
○ Climate change
○ Heavy rainfall and high surface run off - leads to more water in the river channel

44
Q

What are human factors physical changing the river (case study: River Dee)

A

○ Channelisation
○ Over-abstraction for domestic use
○ Reservoirs have been built to store water for the growing population
○ Irrigation for crops

45
Q

How much water does llyn brenig collect per day

A

800 000 m³

46
Q

Define reservoir

A

A large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply

47
Q

Define over-abstraction

A

The process of taking water from a ground source, either temporarily or permanaetly. Most water is used for irrigation or treatment to produce drinking water

48
Q

Define irrigation

A

The method in which a controlled amount of water is supplied to plants at regular intivls for agriculture. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetaion of disturbed solid in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall

49
Q

Define channelisation

A

A method of river engineering that widens or deepens rivers to increase the capacity for flow volume at specific sections of the river. As a result, during flood times watercourses can move more efficiently and facilitate more water, which results in less damage to banks

50
Q

What is the Evironmental Agency (EA) responsible for

A

For managing the risk of flooding in England

51
Q

What is abrasion

A

A form of erosion where loose material and sediment “sandpapers” the walls and the floors of the river, cliff, or glacier

52
Q

What is attrition

A

Rocks bang against each other chipping away to make smaller, smoother rocks

53
Q

What is backshore

A

The upper beach closest to the land, including any cliffs or sand dunes

54
Q

What is beach nourishment

A

The addition of sand and sediemnt to an eroding beach by humans. The new material will be eroded by the sea which saves the cliffs or sand dunes from erosion and recession

55
Q

What is biological weathering

A

Rocks are broken apart by vegitation and roots, or chemical reactions from animal faeces erodes the rock face

56
Q

What is a concordinat coast

A

A coastline where bands of alternate geology run parallel to the coast

57
Q

What is corrasion

A

A form of mechanical erosion where material and sediment in the sea is flung at the cliff-face as waes break against it , this breaks up the rocks making up the cliff

58
Q

What is chemical weathering

A

A weak acid in rainwater will dissole chemical compounds in the rock

59
Q

What is discordane coast

A

A coastline where bands of alternate geology run perpendicular to the shore

60
Q

What is dredging

A

Rubbish and sediment are dug up from the bottom of the river

61
Q

What are embankments

A

The banks of the river are built up in brick and concrete, to increase the channel capacity

62
Q

What is an estuary

A

The point at where the river meets an ocean, often muddy or slittly. Sometimes estuarys become exposed at low tide or hazadours to traverse in a boat due to sandbanks

63
Q

What is fetch

A

The length of water over which the wind has travelled

64
Q

What is floodplain zoning

A

Controlling where houses and buildings are built realitive to the river to reduce their risk of flooding

65
Q

What is geology

A

The physcial structure and arrangment of rock

66
Q

What is a groyne

A

A form of hard-engineering. Low-lying concrete or wooden walls, constructed perpendicular to the seafront and run out to sea. They encourage the trapping of sediment to reduce erosion caused by longshore drift and winds

67
Q

What is hardmangment

A

The use of concrete structures to reduce or halt the ressesion of a coatline. Includes: Groynes, sea walls, rock armour

68
Q

What are highlands

A

An area of land that is at a high elevation and tends to have larger riefs

69
Q

What does impermeable mean

A

A rock that does not allow water to pass through it

70
Q

What is a levee

A

The banks of the river

71
Q

What is longshore drift

A

The transporation fo sediment along a beach. Long shore drift is determined by the direction fo the prevailing winds

72
Q

What are lowlands

A

An area of land that has a similar rief, so tends to be flat at a low elavation

73
Q

What does permiale mean

A

A rock that allows water to pass through it

74
Q

What is relif

A

The difference in the hieght of land for a particular region. A large rief means a region has a large difference between the lowest and highest points

75
Q

What is rock armour

A

Large rocks or conrete blocks, used as barricades to reduce marine erosion at the base of cliffs

76
Q

What is a salt marsh

A

In sheltered bays or behind spits, salt and minerals will build up. Vegitation may establish, further stabalising the marsh

77
Q

What is a sand dune

A

A depositional landform, where sand and sediment build up around driftwood and accumulate over time

78
Q

What is a sea wall

A

A hard mangament coastal defense, where a concrete wall is built parallel to the seafront, to redirect the energy of waves from sensitive cliffs or the edge of a coastal town

79
Q

What is soft managment

A

The use of nataral materials and environmentally sustainable approaches to reduce coastal recession

80
Q

What is strom hydrograph

A

A graph to show the variation of river discharge over a short period of time

81
Q

What is suspesion

A

Small rocks that are light enough to float are carried in the water, rather then along the bed

82
Q

What is a spit

A

A long depositional landform, formed from sand and shingle

83
Q

What is thalweg

A

A path of fastest water flow in a river

84
Q

How does deforestation impact the risk of flooding

A

○ Lack of interception
○ So rain goes into the soil and saturates faster
○ Surface run-off

85
Q

How does urbanisation impact the risk of flooding

A

○ The growing population, therefore, more homes
○ Increased surface run-off
○ Reduced infiltration

86
Q

What are the advantages of embankments (levees)

A

○ They stop water from spreading into areas where it could cause problems, such as housing
○ They can be earth and grass banks, which blend into the environment

87
Q

What are the disadvantages of embankments (levees)

A

○ Flood water may go over the top and then get trapped behind them
○They can burst under pressure, possibly causing even greater damage

88
Q

What are the advantages of channelisation

A

This allows more water to run through the channel faster, taking it away from places of risk

89
Q

What are the disadvantages of channelisation

A

○ Water taken downstream may put other places at risk

○ It doesn’t look natural

90
Q

What are the advantages of flood relief channels

A

The relief channels can accommodate high floes so that river will not overflow its banks

91
Q

What are the disadvantages of flood relief channels

A

○ They can be unsightly and may not be needed very often

○ Costs can be high

92
Q

What are the advantages of dams and reservoirs

A

They are long-lasting ad can also be used to produce hydro-electric power (HEP) and provide a local water supply. They can be used for water sports

93
Q

What are the disadvantages of dams and reservoirs

A

They are expensive to build and can cause the displacement of people and ruin the environment. Some lakes suffer from the growth of algae

94
Q

What are the advantages of washlands

A

○ These give a safe place for floodwater to go and help slow floodwaters down
○ This also improves a river’s natural sedimentation processes -the soil structure in the flood plain is restored, making it more efficient at storing water

95
Q

What are the disadvantages of washlands

A

Allowing land to flood may limit the use of the land, for recreation for example, or mean a change of land use, for example, a change in farmland

96
Q

What are the advantages of river restoration

A

○ Restoring rivers to a more natural course by taking away embankments aims to slow them down, for example restoring meanders
○ Natural rivers are more attractive and create natural habitats for wildlife

97
Q

What are the disadvantages of river restoration

A

Some flood banks are often still needed, and like flood-plain retention, changes in land use may bring some disadvantages

98
Q

What are the advantages of flood-plain zoning

A

Flood risk management aims to prevent building homes and businesses in high-risk zones. Here, uses such as open space for pleasure and recreation are allowed because flooding would be less costly

99
Q

What are the disadvantages of flood-plain zoning

A

○These may not be the best places for different activities in terms of public accessibility
○ Flood plains are attractive places to build

100
Q

What are embankemtns (levees)

A

High banks built on or near riverbanks

101
Q

What is channelisation

A

This involves deepening and/ or straightening the river

102
Q

What is flood relief channels

A

Extra channels can be built next to the river or leading from them

103
Q

What are dams and reservoirs

A

Barriers constructed to hold back water in artificial lakes

104
Q

What is a washland

A

Areas on the flood plain that are allowed to flood

105
Q

What is river restoration

A

Restoring the river’s original course

106
Q

What is flood-plain zoning

A

Governments allocate areas of land of different uses, according to their level of flood risk

Geography (20 decks)

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