Development Flashcards
Define food security
Food security: When all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.
Define water security
Water security: The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water.
What are the four things measured in HDI
Life expectancy at birth
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (US$PPP)
Mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years
Expected years of schooling for children of school-entering age
What is the range of score that can be received with the HDI
0-1
What are the different categories for HDI
Very high = developed
High = emerging
Medium = emerging
Low = developing
Define development
An improvement in the quality of life for the population of a country
What are the aspects of development
Economic Social Cultural Political Technology
Describe the distribution of development in the world
The majority of highly developed countries are in the Global North. Many of these highly developed countries are found in western and northern Europe (e.g. UK, France), North America (USA and Canada) and Oceania (e.g. New Zealand). Countries with a medium level of development are largely found in south-east Asia, where emerging economies such as Singapore, the Phillippines are located. The least developed countries in the world are mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa e.g. Chad, Mali, Burkina Faso.
There is no data provided for North Korea, Somalia and Eritrea. This may be due to political corruption or war, indicators of low human development.
Define economic development
An increase in the country’s wealth
Define political development
A number of changes relating to the political systems and freedom are in a place
Define social development
A number of changes that have a direct impact on the population’s quality of life
Define cultural development
A number of changes that involve better equality for people/groups based on their characteristics or categorise
Define infant mortality rate
The number of babies who do not survive to the age of 1 per 1,000 live births
Define life expectancy at birth
Age at birth a person is expected the life. This should rise as countries development
Define total fertility rate
the average number of children that would be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she were to pass through her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year.
What are the reasons for the development gap
○ Climate ○Colonies ○World trade ○Infrastructure ○Access to a body of water ○Natural hazards ○Stable government ○Trading partnerships ○Foreign investment ○Natural resources
How does demography impact global inequalities
The highest rates of economic growth are experienced by nations where BRs have declined the most
How does history impact global inequalities
Through colonialism European powers, such as the UK, expanded their territories around the world (and imposed unequal trading relationships involving exploitation of raw materials). The term ‘neo-colonialism is used to describe how wealthier countries can still dominate poorer countries (economically and politically)
How does political and economic policies impact global inequality
Open economies (e.g. UK) that encourage FDI developed faster than closed economies (e.g. Russia). Institutional quality in terms of good government, law ad order and lack of corruption results in higher rates of growth
How does social investment impact global inequality
Countries priorities investment in education & health has generally developed at a faster rate than nations which, have invested less. Counties develop, fertility declines. Education, especially female literacy is the key to lower fertility
How much of the world population “live in the dark”
1/5
How much of the world’s population do not have access to clean water
1/10
Define the primary sector
Employment involved with the extraction of raw materials
What are the advantages of the primary sector
Requires a low level of skill
Food production food security
Reduces imports
What are the disadvantages of the primary sector
Demand can change
Crop failure
Low income
Maual labour-health implications
Define the secondary sector
The manufacturing sector of employment
What are examples of the secondary sector
Construction
manufacturing
Energy production
Oil refining
What are the advantages of the secondary sector
Job security
Not much skill required
New products made
What are the disadvantages of the secondary sector
Dangerous factories
Relies on raw material
Import these resources
Define the tertiary sector
Service sector jobs
What are examples of the tertiary sector
Waiter
Lawyer
Teacher
What are the advantages of the tertiary sector
Not relying on natural resources
A mixture of skill levels
What are the disadvantages of the tertiary sector
For skilled jobs, training must be in place
Define the quaternary sector
The industry that provides intellectual services such as information gathering and processing, universities and research and development
What are the advantages of the quaternary sector
Highly skilled, require further education -can add significant economic benefits to a country
What are examples of the quaternary sector
Software development
Consulting
Web developer
Painter
What are the disadvantages of the quaternary sector
High skills required means not many can do it
Need good education
Hard to do
Define subsistence farming
Only growing crops to meet their needs, not for trade
In India a large reduction in the contribution of _ to the total GDP from 37.2% to 14.5%
Agriculture
In India the rapid increase te contribution of _ from 45.8% to 67.1%
Services
In India, A small increase in the contribution of What are the disadvantages of the tertiary sector _ industry from 16.9% to 18.4%
Manufacturing
In India The rise in _ sector from close to 0% to an estimated 6.1%
Quaternary
How much is India’s software and ICT in 2014/15
100 billion USD
2 causes of growing urban population
rural-urban migration and a more economically active population.
What did India d that was significant in 1952
1952: India introduced a policy aiming to reduce fertility and aid development
There have been big changes in the population structure of India since the 19_S
1970s
What is geopolitics
Geopolitics is the study of the effects of geography on politics and international relations.
What are the impacts of economic activity on the envionment
○ Climate change ○ Air pollution ○ Greenhouse gases ○ Water pollution ○ Deforestation and desertification
Is India a member of the G-20
Yes
What is the G-20
The internal forum for governments and central bank governors from 20 major economies
What are the advantages of India becoming wealthier
○ India has a seat at UN security. Maintain security and peace
○ More influential in big global organisations such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Trade Orgation (WTO)
○Increased trade between countries → increase GDP and GNI
What is the aim of the response of Solar Park in Gujarat
Provide electricity for the 400 million without. It is renewable
What are the advantages of Solar Park in Gujarat
○ Produces more than 600 mw of electricity to the grid
○ 2/5 of India’s solar power production to the grid
○ It was developed by 20 companies
○ Biggest solar-wind hybrid
What are the disadvantages of Solar Park in Gujarat
○ Expensive
○ Deforestation
○ Reliance on sun
○ Still 4th biggest carbon emitter
What is the aim of the response of The Smart Cities Mission
Initiative to improve equality and the quality of life
What are the advantages of The Smart Cities Mission
○ Covers over 100 cities and towns in India
○ Provides education, adequate housing, water supplies for the poor
○ Creates safer streets
What are the disadvantages of The Smart Cities Mission
Expensive
What is the aim of the response of the National Rural Health Mission
Seeks to provide equitable affordable and quality health care to the rural population, especially the vulnerable groups
What are the advantages of the National Rural Health Mission
○ Free ambulance service
○ Free medicine and check-ups →improves life expectancy
What are the disadvantages of the National Rural Health Mission
Expensive
What is the aim of the response of the Mumbai’s Eastern Freeway
Controlled access highway in Mumbai
Reduce done time between south Mumbai and the Eastern Suburbs
