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Physiology > the challenge of exercise > Flashcards

the challenge of exercise Flashcards

1
Q

what aspects of homeostasis does physical activity present a challenge to? (5)

A
  • energy balance
  • pH
  • Thermal balance
  • fluid balance
  • ionic balance
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2
Q

what are the adaptive responses to improve efficiency of regular aerobic exercise? (6)

A
  • musculoskeletal remodelling
  • cardiovascular remodelling
  • improved O2 deliver (increased capillary density)
  • mitochondrial biogenesis
  • improved energy turnover
  • improved thermoregulation
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3
Q

what is mitochondrial biogenesis

A
  • the process by which cells increase their mitochondrial mass and number
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4
Q

how does regular exercise improve cardiovascular functioning, at the organ, cellular and whole body level

A
  • Organ level - increasing maximum cardiac output
  • cellular level - enhancing calcium handing in cardiomyocytes
  • whole body level - lowering blood pressure
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5
Q

what other metabolic functions are enhanced by regular aerobic exercise? (3)

A
  • insulin sensitivity and carbohydrate tolerance
  • lipid lipoprotein metabolism
  • mitochondrial enzyme activity
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6
Q

what is citrate synthase?

A
  • an enzyme involved in the first step of the kreb cycle
  • exclusively located within the mitochondrial matrix
  • used as a marker of mitochodnrial density/ content within cells
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7
Q

what are the 4 types of physical fitness:

A
  • cardiovascular (aerobic) fitness
  • muscular strength and endurance
  • body compositon (lean-to-fat ratio)
  • flexibility
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8
Q

what are neurotrophic factors?

A
  • a group of proteins that play essential roles in growth, survival, and function of neurons in the nervous system
  • play a crucial role in synaptic plasticity
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9
Q

what is synaptic plasticity?

A

the ability of synpases to change and adapt in response to experience and activity

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10
Q

what is neurogenesis? (3_

A
  • the process of generating new neurons from stem cells
  • occurs primarily in the hippocampus
  • occurs during ages of embryonic development at the highest level
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11
Q

what are UTRIs?

A
  • upper respiratory tract infections (common cold)
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12
Q

at what age does your physiological function begin to decline?

A

30
* same trend in active and sedentary lifestyles

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13
Q

the risk factors of inactivity that manifest relatively rapid (weeks) (3)

A
  • cardiac and skeletal muscle deconditioning
  • dysregulation of glucose homeostasis
  • upregulaion of fat synthesis and deposition
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14
Q

what are the 3 main diseases that exercise can help combat?

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • diabetes type 2
  • osteoporosis
  • COPD
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15
Q

diabetes type 2 (1)

A
  • insulin resistance where bodys cells become less responsive to insulin
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16
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A
  • a medical condition characterised by weakened bones that are more prone to fracture
17
Q

what are the other key benefits of physical exercise aside from cardiovascular function? (5)

A
  • improves digestive function
  • alleviates menstrual cramps
  • enhances quality of sleep
  • eases/eliminates back pain
  • reduces risk of cancer
18
Q

what out of the main 3 components affecting VO2 max is the factor that is not usually the limiting one?

A
  • respiratory system
19
Q

what influences performance ability? (7)

A
  • lifestyle
  • genetics
  • physical environment
  • injury status
  • training regime
  • psychological factors
  • diet
20
Q

what is morphological optimisation? (2)

A
  • the process of improving the structure or form of an organism or system
  • to enhance its performance or function within a given environment
21
Q

what is EPO? (4)

A
  • erythropoietin
  • a hormone produced primarily by kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood
  • plays a crucial role in the regulation of red blood cell formation
  • improves oxygen transport in blood
22
Q

what does endogenous mean?

A

the nautral release of something

23
Q

how many known genes are linked to elite athlete status?

A

over 165
* 2/3 relate to endurance
* 1/3 relate to power

24
Q

why is gene doping detection difficult? (2)

A
  • induced cell signals or protein products are indistinguishable from natural equivalents
  • may be localised and not enter blood stream

Physiology (10 decks)

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