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Cardiovascular physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pericardium (3)

A
  • the double layered membrane
  • surround the heart
  • providing protection and reducing friction as heart contracts
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2
Q

primary roles of the cardiovascular system (5)

A
  • distribution of oxygen and nutrients
  • transport of CO2 and metabolic waste products
  • distribution of water, electrolytes and hormones
  • thermoregulation
  • immune system infrastructure
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3
Q

what is the golden rule of the ECG?

A

the action potential is moving towards the positive input giving you an upward deflection

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4
Q

what is the 12 lead ECG? (2)

A
  • diagnostic test recording the electrical activity of heart from 12 different angles
  • more precise
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5
Q

how man electrodes and leads does the 12 lead ECG use?

A

10 electrodes
12 leads

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6
Q

the events of the cardiac cycle: (5)

A
  1. atrial systole (ventricular diastole)
  2. isovolumic contraction (ventricles)
  3. ventricular ejection
  4. isovolumic relaxation (ventricles)
  5. passive ventricular refilling
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7
Q

how is the heart a function syncytium? (2)

A
  • individual cells are electrically coupled together
  • cells are also mechanically coupled together due to flow of electrical events, which leads to the contractile events of the heart
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8
Q

what are the 2 main factors affecting heart rate?

A
  • autonomic nervous system
  • circulating hormones
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9
Q

why are HCN channels often referred to as ‘funny channels’? (2)

A
  • due to their unique property of producing inward currents
  • in response to hyperpolariation
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10
Q

why is an unstable resting membrane potential needed in SA nodal cells?

A

fundamental characteristic for their unique role as the hearts natural pacemaker

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11
Q

what are the sinus ‘brady/tachycardia conditions (3)

A
  • two different heart rhythms
  • characterized by variations in heart rate
  • generated by SA node
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12
Q

what medication can cause sinus bradycardia

A

beta-blockers

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13
Q

what medial conditions can cause sinus bradycardia? (2)

A
  • hypothyroidism
  • increased intracranial pressure
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14
Q

how do beta-blockers cause sinus bradycardia? (2)

A
  • blockage of Beta-1 adrenergic receptors
  • decreases sympathetic stimulation
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15
Q

what is a cardiac arrhythmia? (1) and what causes it (2)

A

an abnormal heart rhythm of rate generated by?
* abnormal impulse generation
* abnormal impulse conduction

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16
Q

what are excitable cells? (1)

A

a cell that is capable of generating and conducting electrical signals

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17
Q

what type of metabolic requirements are increased when we exercise? (4)

A
  • respiratory system
  • cardiovascular system
  • nervous system
  • endocrine system
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18
Q

what is the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, and the key neurotransmitter involved in both

A

sympathetic:
* fight or flight system
* key nt - norepinephrine

parasympathetic:
* rest and digest system
* key nt - acetylcholine

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19
Q

how does the baroreceptor reflex regulate blood pressure? (2)

A
  • detecting changes in vessel stretch
  • sensing signals to CV centre
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20
Q

what does norepinephrine primarily act on in the heart?

A

beta-edrenergic receptors

21
Q

what do chemoreceptors do?

A

detect changes in chemical composition of blood

22
Q

the difference between dynamic (3) and resistance (2) exercise:

A

dynamic:
* rhythmical movements of limbs
* contraction/relaxation of skeletal muscle
* flexing of joints

resistance:
* sustained, isometrict contraction of specific muscles
* limited joint movement

23
Q

what is the TPR (total peripheral resistance)?

A
  • the overall resistance the blood encounters as it circulates through the artieres throughout the body
24
Q

does resistance training alone improve functional capacity of the CVS (cardiovascular system)?

25
the use it or lose it concept, applied to aspects of life: (5)
* muscular strength and endurance * cognitive function * joint flexibility * language skills * social skills
26
what is aortic stenosis? (2)
* narrowing of the aortic valve * resulting in increased pressure load on heart
27
why non-functional hypertrophy is not one of the two main types of cardiac hypertrophy? (1)
* non-functional hypertrophy does not primarily focus on the adaptive or maladaptive nature of hypertrophy
28
consequences of inadequate cardiac output (3)
* inadequate O2 distribution and CO2 removal * hypotension * circulatory collapse
29
what does VO2 stand for?
* oxygen consumption
30
what is the VO2 max?
* the maximum ability of the body to utilise oxygen during exercise
31
what is VO2 max also known as?
aerobic capacity
32
2 components affecting VO2 max? (2)
* combined ability of the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems to transport oxygen to the muscular tissue system * the chemical ability of the muscular cellular tissue system to use oxygen in breaking down fuels
33
is it possible to improve VO2 max, and if so by how much?
yes 10-15 %
34
what is myocardial infarction? (3)
* essentially a heart attack * whereby atherosclerotic plaque bocks one or more coronary arteries * restricts blood flow and oxygen to myocardium
35
problem of large MI
cardiac arrest
36
how can smaller MI's be treated?
* stents * fibrinolytic drugs
37
long lasting effects of MI:
* remodelling of heart for months, reducing pump function
38
what is the role of t-tubules? (2)
* transmits electrical impulses from cell surface into interior of cell * allowing for synchronized contraction of entire myocardium
39
what is the myocardium? (3)
* the middle layer of the heart wall * consists primarily oc cardiac muscle tissue * responsible for contraction of the heart
40
how can one visualise calcium inside cells? (2)
* laser scanning confocal microscopy * line scan recordings for fast Ca release events
41
what happens if you lose t-tubules within the heart cells? (2)
* delayed Ca2+ release * slow Ca2+ rise
42
how was it thought to be possible to restory calcium release in cells with low, t-tubules, and why it was not a viable therapy
* increased calcium entry through isoproterenol * has detrimental long term effects
43
why is the notch important in the action potential of ventricular myocytes? (2)
* brings membrane potential down to point where voltage gaed calcium channels are most active * consequently triggers much more Ca2+ release in cell
44
where is the SERCA pump found (1) and what does the SERCA pump do? (3)
* found in membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum * pumps calcium against concentration gradient back into SR from cytoplasm * helps lower cytoplasmic calcium concentration * promoting muscle relaxation
45
what are ventricular arrhythmias? (2)
* rapid, disorganized activation of the ventricles * resulting in greatly reduced cardiac output
46
what can ventricular arrhythmias cause? (2)
* loss of consciousness * sudden cardiac death
47
what are delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) (3)
* spontaneous Ca2+ release from SR * Ca2+ waves propagate by Ca-induced Ca release * Ca2+ removal by NCX generates depolarising current
48
what happens in early after depolarizations? (3)
* occur while action potential is still repolarising * prevents membrane potential from recovering down to rest * is due to change between inward and outward k+ curents
49
what is the main factor triggering DADs and EADs
disrupted Ca2+ equilibrium

Physiology (10 decks)

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