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Physiology > autonomic nervous System > Flashcards

autonomic nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two distinct divisions of the peripheral nervous system:

A
  • autonomic nervous system
  • somatic nervous system
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2
Q

what does the “efferent” part of a nervous system mean?

A
  • from spinal cord/ NS centre to tissue
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3
Q

what is the ventral horn of the spinal cord?

A
  • a specific region in the spinal cord
  • contains cell bodies of motor neurons
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4
Q

what is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

homeostasis
* maintaining dynamic balance of physiological conditions within the body

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5
Q

what are the two types of ANS

A
  • parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) - rest & digest
  • sympathetic nervous system (SNS) - fight or flight
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6
Q

where are sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons located on the spinal cord? (2)

A
  • thoracic and lumbar spinal
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7
Q

where are the parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons located on the spinal cord (2)

A
  • brain stem (c-region)
  • sacral spinal cord
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8
Q

upon activation of the adrenal medulla by the SNS, what does it do?

A

release of catecholamines:
* epinephrine & norepinephrine

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9
Q

when is the adrenal medulla typically stimulate by the SNS?

A
  • in response to very strong stress
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10
Q

how long does it take to clear catecholamines from the blood after stimulation of adrenal medullae?

A
  • 3-4 minutes
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11
Q

what are catecholamines?

A
  • a class of neurotransmitters that play crucial roles in the nervous system and the body’s stress response
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12
Q

3 main catecholamines

A
  1. dopamine
  2. norepinephrine
  3. epinephrine
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13
Q

pathway of sympathetic neuron flow: (4)

A
  • pre-ganglionic neurons
  • para-vertebral ganglia
  • pre-vertebral ganglia - only some pathways
  • post ganglionic neurons
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14
Q

post-ganglionic neuron features:

A
  • unmyelinated
  • exits para-vertebral ganglia via gray communicating rami
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15
Q

afferent vs efferent neurons:

A

afferent - sensory neurons
efferent - motor neurons

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16
Q

afferent neuron root in SNS: (3)

A
  • paravertebral ganglia
  • white rami
  • dorsal root
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17
Q

what is the most robust nerve of the CNS, and what number nerve is it

A
  • the Vagus nerve - 10th cranial nerve
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18
Q

why does the Vagus nerve need to be so robust?

A
  • it innervates heart, and abdomen organs
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19
Q

the three components of the brain stem:

A
  • medulla
  • pons
  • mid-brain
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20
Q

when would one cranial nerve have more than one cranial ganglia?

A
  • when it is innervating different things
  • e.g., nasal glands & salivary glands have different ganglia from C6
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21
Q

what modulates the ANS?

A

the hypothalamus

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22
Q

how is the enteric nervous system related to the ANS?

A
  • it is autonomous - not dependant on control from central or peripheral nervous system
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23
Q

where is the enteric nervous system found?

A
  • in the gastrointestinal tract
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24
Q

what stimulates the enteric nervous system?

A
  • the PNS - increases motility and secretion
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25
Q

what type of receptors are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors?

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors - ionotropic receptors
muscarinic acetylcholine receptors -** m**etabotropic receptors

26
Q

what are G-protein coupled receptors? (2)

A
  • cell-surface receptors
  • transmit signals from extracellular environment to intracellular environment
27
Q

what is the substance that can only activate muscarinic acetylcholine receptors?

A

muscarine

28
Q

what is the substance that can only activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?

A

nicotine

29
Q

what substance activates both mAChRs and nAChRs?

A

acetylcholine

30
Q

upon long abuse of nicotine, what system of the ANS is primarily effected, and how (2)?

A

SNS
* causes arrhythmia
* cause hypertension

31
Q

what is the use of acetylcholine esterase inhibitors?

A
  • medicines
  • chemical weapons
32
Q

what is the principle subunit that forms the ion channel of AChRs?

A

alpha subunits

33
Q

how to record individual molecules current capacity? (2)

A
  • using path clamp electrophysiology technique
  • applying acetylcholine to polarise or hyperpolarise it
34
Q

what is Curare? (4)

A
  • a plant derived compound
  • acts as a neurotoxin
  • as a competitive antagonist at nAChRs
  • blocks nAChRs on skeletal muscle
35
Q

how does Curare kill animals? (4)

A
  • acts on both ANS and SNS
  • blocks somatic synapses in skeletal muscle
  • diaphragm cannot contract
  • respiration cannot occur
36
Q

what are the receptors of the SNS?

A

adrenergic receptors

37
Q

what are the receptors of the PNS?

A

muscarinic receptors

38
Q

how are different sympathetic responses carried out?

A
  • via different types of adrenergic receptors
39
Q

what are vasomotor tone effects?

A
  • effects of blood perfusion to skeletal muscle and visceral organs
40
Q

what are chronotropic and inotropic effects

A

chronotropic - changes of HR
inotropic - how strong the heart contracts

41
Q

what are the main 4 effects of the ANs on the CVS?

A
  • heart rate
  • heart contraction force
  • constriction/dilation of blood vessels
  • contraction/relaxation of smooth muscle in organs and glandular secretion
42
Q

what are the main nerves involvedin the PNS control of the CVS, and where they originate from:

A
  • Vagus nerve - 10th cranial nerve
  • Glossopharyngal nerve - 9th cranial nerve
43
Q

what send the afferent signals to the PNS in regulation of the heart

A

baroreceptors

44
Q

what are the preganglionic nerves involved in parasympathetic regulation of the heart? (2)

A
  • Dorso motor nucleus (vagus nerve)
  • Nucleus ambiguous (glossopharyngeal nerve)
45
Q

how the SNS effects systole and diastole during exercise:

A
  • reduces systole duration
  • increases diastole duration
46
Q

what occurs in absence of the Vagal tone?

A
  • high resting heart rate
47
Q

what does frequent aerobic exercise do to the vagal tone?

A
  • enhances the vagal tone, increasing parasympathetic system so HR lowers
48
Q

how can the vagal tone be impaired? (4)

A
  • aging
  • altitude
  • deconditioning
  • bed rest (inactivity)
49
Q

when you have not ran for a while, why may you feel a sense of ‘uneasiness’ during the first 2 minutes?

A
  • body is un-adapted to the changes so parasympathetic system is trying to dampen the cardiac and pulmonary output
50
Q

what does sympatholytic mean?

A
  • something that decreases the sympathetic tone during rest
51
Q

what is the initial consequence of spinal cord injury?

A
  • spinal cord shock
52
Q

what occurs in SCI after spinal cord shock?

A
  • neurogenic shock
53
Q

what condition can downregulation of the SNS in SCI lead to?

A
  • autonomic dysreflexia
54
Q

what is autonomic dysreflexia?

A
  • a life-threatening emergency that can occur in individuals with spinal cord injuries at or above the level of T6
55
Q

what is autonomic dysreflexia characterised by? (5)

A
  • increased BP
  • bradycardia
  • sweating above level of injury
  • nasal congestion
  • headaches
56
Q

how is autonomic dysreflexia caused? (3)

A
  • painful stimuli,
  • that is not percieved consciously by the patient
  • that results in an increase in BP
57
Q

how does the SCI effect thermoregulation? (2)

A
  • lower temperature of body below level inury
  • due to no SNS innervation of legs which normally constricts blood vessels and restricts head loss
58
Q

what section of the PNS regulates bladder contractility:

A
  • S2-4
59
Q

what section of the SNS regulated the internal urethral sphrincter?

A

T11-L2

60
Q

what is complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)

A
  • neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia
  • which is provoked by mild, non-painful stimuli

Physiology (10 decks)

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