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Physiology > control of fluid volume > Flashcards

control of fluid volume Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main compartments of water distribution?

A
  1. intracellular space
  2. interstitium
  3. vascular space
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2
Q

how are the 3 comparments of water distribution achieved?

A
  • intracellular volume - plasma osmolarity through changes in water balance
  • intersitial volume - osmotic pressure generated by proteins
  • blood plasma volume - closely related to regulation of Na+
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3
Q

how are the 3 major compartments of body water distribution necessary?

A
  • intracellular volume - necessary for optimal cell function
  • interstitial space - necessary for nutrient supply/ waste removal
  • blood plasma volume - necessary for optimal tissue perfusion
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4
Q

what are the two essential components of the extracellular fluid?

A

water and osmolytes

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5
Q

what is the dominant ECf osmolyte?

A
  • Na+
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6
Q

what type of tissues are osmolytes particularly important in?

A
  • cells and tissues that are exposed to fluctuating osmotic environment (kidney and brain)
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7
Q

how do we control the ECF volume?

A
  • modulation of the amount of Na+ in the ECF
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8
Q

what is wrong with having too much and too little ECF?

A
  • too much - increase in BP
  • too little - decrease in BP
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9
Q

what does increased cardiac output caused by an increase in ECF volume cause in vessels? (2)

A
  • generalised constriction of arterioles
  • increase in peripheral vascular resistance (and BP)
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10
Q

the 3 ways kidneys deal with substances:

A
  1. filtration
  2. absorption
  3. secretion
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11
Q

what is RAAS? (2)

A
  • renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • a complex hormonal system playing a crucial role in regulating blood pressure
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12
Q

what is the renal corpuscle? (3)

A
  • a component of the kidneys nephron
  • plays a role in initial filtration of blood to form filtrate in the kidneys
  • vital for regulation of electrolytes, fluid balance and waste elimination
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13
Q

what is renin released by?

A
  • the kidneys
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14
Q

what is renin released in response to? (4)

A
  • increased in SNS actvity
  • decrease in blood pressure
  • decrease in ECF
  • decrease in extracellular Na+
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15
Q

what does Renin doo?

A
  • catalyses the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 in the blood
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16
Q

what type of cells is renin synthesised in?

A
  • juxtaglomerular cells
17
Q

how can the macula densa indirectly effect the release of renin?

A

reduction in NaCl delivery to the macula densa stimulates renin production

18
Q

what is ADH released in response to?

A
  • decrease in blood volume and pressure
  • increase in osmolarity of body fluids
19
Q

where is ADH released from?

A
  • pituitary gland
20
Q

what are the main hormonal controls of blood volume?

A
  • RAAS
  • vasopressin (ADH)
  • atrial natriuretic peptide
21
Q

what specific cells stimulate renin production and how?

A
  • macula densa cells
  • they contain renal baroreceptors
22
Q

what is the rate-limiting step in angiotensin 2 formation?

A

renin

23
Q

renal baroreceptor sensitivity: (2) & location (1)

A
  • secretion is pressure dependent
  • very sensitive to minute changes
  • located in afferent arterioles
24
Q

macula densa chloride sensitivity:

A
  • responds to low Cl-
  • not as sensitive as renal baroreceptors
25
Q

what regulated macula densa chloride sensitivity? (3)

A
  • adenosine
  • prostaglandins
  • nitric oxide (potentially)
26
Q

where ACE distributed in the body? (2)

A
  • lungs
  • luminal surface of vascular endothelial cells
27
Q

where are vascular endothelial cells located?

A
  • lining the inner surface of blood vessels
28
Q

what else does ACE do?

A
  • inhibit the function of bradykinin - a vasodilator and peptide that plays roles regulating BP
29
Q

what angiotensin 2 effects and what it causes:

A
  • vascular smooth muscle - vasoconstriction
  • adrenal cortex - stimulation of aldosteron
  • brain - stimulating of ADH
30
Q

what is a dipsogenic effect?

A

something that induces thirst

31
Q

what can RAAs cause within the body (pathophysiology) (2)

A

hypertension
congestive heart failure

32
Q

what is the major mechanism for long-term control of body fluid?

A
  • fundamental relationship between arterial pressure & renal excretion

Physiology (10 decks)

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