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ANSC 451: physiology of animals > The central nervous system > Flashcards

The central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

brain

A
  • the control center of the body
  • 2% of the body weight and uses 20% of body’s oxygen in humans

3 segments:
Forebrain: telencephalon
Midbrain: mesencephalon
Hindbrain: metencephalon

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2
Q

spinal cord

A

most caudal, receives the sensory information from the body, sends efferent to muscles and glands

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3
Q

brain stem

A

consisting of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. Connects the brain to the spinal cord

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4
Q

midbrain

A
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5
Q

pons

A

transmits impulses between the brain and spinal cord, and contains centers that regulate the rate and depth of breathing

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6
Q

medulla oblaganta

A

controls heart rate, breathing rate, and flow of blood through the blood vessels

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7
Q

cerebrum

A
  • largest part of the brain, contains learning and senses
  • 2 hemispheres right and left
  • Connected by the corpus callosum
  • 4 sections: lobes
    Frontal lobe
    Parietal lobe
    Occipital lobe
    Temporal lobe
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8
Q

cerebellum

A
  • second largest part of the brain
  • Located below the cerebrum at the back of the skull
  • Responsible for balance and muscle coordination
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9
Q

gray matter

A

absence of myelin in masses of neurons accounts for the gray matter of the brain - cerebral cortex

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10
Q

white matter

A

myelinated neurons gives neurons a white appearance - inner layer of cerebrum

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11
Q

thalamus

A
  • Receives messages from sensory receptors
  • Relays information to proper regions of cerebrum
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12
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • Controls ANS
  • Regulates body temperature (sweating/shivering)
  • Regulates hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, etc…
  • Control of pituitary for endocrine function
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13
Q

spinal cord & meniges

A
  • Consists of 5 segments:
    Cervical
    Thoracic
    Lumbar
    Sacral
    Coccygeal
  • Responsible for receiving electrical signals from the peripheral nervous system and sending it into the brain for integration and processing. As well as, accepting signals from the brain and sending them to other parts of the body
  • consists of white & gray matter
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14
Q

meniges

A

3 layers:
1. Dura mater (outer layer): consists of connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves
Limit excessive movement of brain

  1. Arachnoid layer (middle-layer): elastic and web-like
    Arachnoid villi protrude into superior sagittal sinus
    and permit CSF reabsorption
  2. Pia mater (inner-layer): contains nerves and blood
    vessels
    - Innermost meninx
    - Delicate vascularized connection
    - Clings tightly to the brain
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15
Q

Biological clock regulation

A
  • Biological clocks are typically synchronized to light and dark cycles
  • SCN acts as a pacemaker, synchronizing the biological clock
  • Mammalian circadian rhythms rely on biological clock, molecular mechanism that directs periodic gene expression
  • Coordinated by a group of neurons in the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
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16
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

cycles of sleep and wakefulness. Daily cycles of biological activity

17
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Composition:
- Watery solution formed from blood plasma
- Less protein and different ion concentrations
than plasma
- Constant volume

Functions:
- Gives buoyancy to CNS structures
- Reduces weight by 97%
- Protects CNS from blows and other trauma
- Nourishes brain and carries chemical signals

18
Q

Neural plasticity

A
  • The ability of the nervous system to be modified after birth
  • Changes can strengthen or weaken signaling at a synapse
19
Q

memory & learning

A
  • The formation of memories is an example of neural plasticity
  • Short-term memory is accessed via in the hippocampus
  • Hippocampus also plays a role in forming long-term memory, which is stored in the cerebral cortex
  • Some consolidation of memory is thought to occur during sleep
20
Q

Stem cells in the brain

A
  • The adult brain contains neural stem cells
  • Stem cells in the brain can give rise to neurons that mature and become incorporated into the adult nervous system
21
Q

nervous system disorders

A
  • Schizophrenia
  • Depression
  • Drug addiction
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Genetic and environmental factors also play a role
22
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A
  • Mental deterioration by confusion and memory loss
  • Caused by the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain
  • No cure for this disease, some drugs are effective at relieving symptoms
23
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Motor disorder cause by death of dopamine secreting neurons in the midbrain
  • Muscle tremors, flexed posture, and shuffling gait
  • No cure, although drugs and other approaches are used to manage symptoms
24
Q

encephalization quotient (EQ)

A

measures relative brain size amongst different species

25
Q

where does CNS only show?

A

brain and spinal cord

26
Q

The part of the brain in charge of thinking and memory_______.

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata

A

cerebrum

27
Q

The main function of the cerebellum is ________.

Consciousness
Muscle coordination
Homeostasis
Sense reception

A

muscle coordination

28
Q

The spinal cord passes through ________.

Forearm ovale
Foramen magnum
Foramen rotundum

A

forearm magnum

29
Q

Which of the following is the central nervous system of the meninges?

Dural sinuses
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

A

arachnoid mater

30
Q

The thalamus and hypothalamus are components of which major of the brain division?

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain
Diencephalon
Telencephalon

A

diencephalon

31
Q

Which area of the brain has the highest density of neurons?

Frontal lobe
Cerebellum
Temporal lobe
pons

A

cerebellum

ANSC 451: physiology of animals (27 decks)

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