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ANSC 451: physiology of animals > Gas Exchanges > Flashcards

Gas Exchanges Flashcards

1
Q

what type of movement is diffusion?

A

passive movement, that moves down the concentration gradient

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2
Q

Rate of gas movement between the alveolus and blood is determined by:

A
  • Physical property of the gas
  • Surface area available for diffusion
  • Driving partial pressure gradient between the alveolus and the capillary
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3
Q

what are factors influencing ventilation/breathing?

A
  1. air resistance
  2. alveolar surface tension surfactant
  3. Lung compliance
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4
Q

are the chemical bonds between O2 and hemoglobin stable or unstable?

A

unstable

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5
Q

About _____ of the O2 remains bound to hemoglobin in the venous

A

75%

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6
Q

Oxygen capacity

A

maximum quantity of oxygen that will combine chemically with the hemoglobin in a unit volume of blood

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7
Q

Oxygen content

A

amount of oxygen is in the blood

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8
Q

Oxygen saturation

A

percentage of all the available heme binding sites saturated with oxygen

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9
Q

each hemoglobin molecule can bind to how many O2 molecules?

A

4

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10
Q

Cyanosis

A
  • the hemoglobin is depleted of oxygen, and its color change from a bright red to a bluish red
  • Can result from deficient oxygen uptake in the lungs or reduced blood flow to the peripheral tissues
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11
Q

factors affecting oxygen dissociation

A
  1. blood temperature:
    Increased blood temperature reduces hemoglobin affinity for O2
  2. Blood pH
    Lowering of blood pH (acidic)
    Caused by presence of H+ ions from lactic acid or carbonic acid reduces affinity of Hb for O2
  3. Carbon dioxide concentration
    Higher CO2 concentration in tissue less the affinity of Hb for O2
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12
Q

CO2 transported to the lungs in 3 forms:

A
  1. CO2 dissolved in plasma
  2. Part of the compound with hemoglobin
  3. Part of the bicarbonate ion (mostly)
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13
Q

how does HCO3- make exchange?

A

Cl- shift

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14
Q

factors affecting breathing?

A
  • Partial pressure of oxygen
  • Partial pressure of CO2
  • Degree of stretch of lung tissue
  • Emotional state
  • Level of physical activity
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15
Q

what receptors are involved in breathing?

A

mechanoreceptor and central/peripheral chemoreceptors

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16
Q

Respiratory areas include:

A
  • Respiratory center of the medulla
  • Respiratory group of the pons
17
Q

Chemoreceptors

A
  • Sensitive to Pco2, pH, or Po2 of the blood or cerebrospinal fluid
  • Increased Pco2 = increased breathing
18
Q

Baroreceptors

A

In the aortic or carotid sinuses sensitive to changes in blood pressures

19
Q

Stretch receptors

A

Respond to changes in volume of the lungs

20
Q

Carotid bodies

A
  • innervated by the cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)
  • Respond primarily to Pco2 and secondary to pH or Pco2
21
Q

Aortic bodies

A
  • innervated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)
  • Have chemoreceptors similar to carotid bodies
22
Q

local control of O2 delivery is made by?

A
  • arterioles
  • Local arterioles will dilate, to due relaxation of vasomotor tone
23
Q

Carbon dioxide is converted into carbonic acid in the cytoplasm or red blood cells by the enzyme_____.

Hemoglobin
Carbonic anhydrase
Oxyhemoglobin
Carbon monoxide

A

Carbonic anhydrase

24
Q

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood is _______.

Attached to the hemoglobin
Bound to oxygen
Dissolved in the plasma
Carbon monoxide in the red blood cells
Bicarbonate ions in the red blood cells

A

Bicarbonate ions in the red blood cells

25
Q

The expansion of the lung and initiation of air in part the result for:

Muscles of the lungs relax, allowing the lungs to get larger
Decreased pressure of the intrapleural fluid
Contraction of the muscles of the diaphragm
A and B are correct

A

Contraction of the muscles of the diaphragm

26
Q

Which of the following statements are true?

Increased Pco2 drives increased breathing
A decrease in pH increases respiratory rate
In high altitude, breathing and heart rate increases
Most of the CO2 diffuses unto the RBC
All the above

A

all the above

27
Q

Respiratory areas are located in ______.

Pons
Medulla
Both a and b
Carotid and aortic bodies

A

both A and B

28
Q

During the Mount Kaala hike trail which is the tallest peak, and sits 4,010 feet above sea level, will your blood pH be more acidic?

True
False

A

false

ANSC 451: physiology of animals (27 decks)

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