Heart sounds & Blood flows Flashcards
what kind of sound does the heart make?
Lub-Dub
S1
mitral and tricuspid closure (Lub)
- Marks the beginning of the systole (end of diastole)
- Loudest at the apex and lower left sternal border
- First sound can be heard easily with both the diaphragm and the bell
S2
Aortic and pulmonary closure (DUB)
- Loudest at the base
- The diaphragm is invaluable
S3
ABNORMAL
ventricular filling (relaxed)
- Heard in early diastole
- Generated when the ventricle is forced to dilate beyond its normal range
- Low frequency, use with the bell
- Congestive heart failure, most common cause of a S3
S4
ABNORMAL
ventricular filling ( active)
- Low frequency sound in late diastole
- Caused by atrial kick into a non compliant ventricle
- Heard with the bell at the apex
- Seen with stiffened left ventricles
Murmurs
generated by turbulent flow of blood
Regurgitation
leaking heart valves
Rubs
the pericardial friction rub can be heard in pericarditis, and inflammation of the pericardium
Clicks
mitral stenosis, prolapse
Stethoscope
Diaphragm: high frequency sound
Bell: low frequency sound (not easily be detected by the diaphragm)
Local control of blood flow (intrinsic)
- Active hyperemia
- Reactive hyperemia
Active hyperemia
- Increased local metabolism devours the nutrients (oxygen and glucose), causing the release of local vasodilators
- Local blood vessels dilate and flow increases
Reactive hyperemia
- When the blood flow of tissue is blocked then the blood flow increase in response to the buildup of metabolic wastes
- Lasts long enough to “repay” oxygen debt
- Resulting from the restoration of its temporarily
blocked blood flow
Systemic control of blood pressure
sense blood pressure and relay the information to the brain = proper blood pressure can be maintained
Arterial baroreceptors
control the sympathetic drive to the heart and the peripheral blood vessels
Negative feedback control of blood flow to tissues
Metabolism increases = waste production buildup
why is autoregulation important?
critical in maintaining systemic blood pressure
Skeletal muscle pump
During dynamic exercise, rhythmic contractions of the skeletal muscles squeeze venous blooc=d back toward the central circulation
Controlling your blood pressure
Lifestyle changes:
- Don’t smoke
- Limit alcohol
- Manage stress
Which of the following statements is true?
S1 sound during the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valve whereas S2 sounds produced due aortic and pulmonary valves
S1 sound during the closer of aortic and pulmonary valves whereas S2 sounds produce due to closure of the mitral and tricuspid valve
S1 sound during the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valve whereas S2 sounds produced due aortic and pulmonary valves
Systolic murmur sound is produced due to______.
Failure of the mitral valve to close completely
Presence of opening between the left and right ventricle
Presence of patent ductus arteriosus
All the above
all the above
Diastolic murmur sound is produced due to_____.
Aortic insufficiency
Mitral and tricuspid valves stenosis
Presence of patent ductus arteriosus
All the above
Only A and B
all the above
Information about blood pressure is collected and sent to the brain by______.
Baroreceptors
Osmoreceptors
Endothelial cells
Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Which of the following would decrease mean arterial blood pressure?
Constriction of arterioles
Dilation of the arterioles
Increased blood volume
Increased peripheral resistance
Increased peripheral resistance
If the blood pressure is elevated, the cardiovascular centers would compensate by
Increasing the heart rate
Sending sympathetic signals to the myocardial cells
Increasing cardiac output
Causing vasodilation
Causing vasodilation
