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ANSC 451: physiology of animals > Capillary Dynamics and Exchange > Flashcards

Capillary Dynamics and Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

blood circulation:

high blood pressure ->
low blood pressure ->

A

high blood pressure -> (aorta)
low blood pressure -> (vena cava)

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2
Q

how much oxygen do veins hold?

A

75%

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3
Q

what blood vessels have the thickest walls?

A

The arteries have thicker, more muscular walls because they withstand higher pressures from receiving blood directly from the heart

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4
Q

thickest to thinnest inside diameter of blood vessels

A

vena cava ->arteriole -> aorta -> venule -> vein -> artery

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5
Q

capillary function

A

Exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells

Several kinds of capillaries; some are “leakier” than others
ONLY ENDOTHELIUM

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6
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

A

Rate of diffusion is dependent on the concentrations difference between the tissues (S), the area available for diffusion (A), and the distance (delta X) between the tissue

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7
Q

Continuous capillaries

A
  • Most widespread and abundant type
  • Lines the walls of all:
    arteries and veins
    arterioles and muscular venule
    capillaries and postcapillary venule
    skeletal, smooth, and cardiac)
    Skin, lungs, and connective tissue
    Pores are present
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8
Q

Fenestrated capillary

A
  • Lines secretory and excretory organs
    Exocrine and endocrine glands
    GI tract mucosa
    Kidney glomeruli
    Brain choroid plexus
  • Presence of fenestrae
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9
Q

Discontinuous epithelium (capillary)

A
  • Leakiest of all capillary epithelia
  • Present in:
    Hepatic sinusoids
    Spleen
    Bone marrow
  • Junctions between endothelial cells are not completely closed and the basement of the membrane is incomplete
  • Resulting openings are large and DO NOT restrict passage of plasma proteins
    - Limit the passage of blood cells
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10
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

when the blood plasma moves along the artery with certain velocity, it pushes against the vessel wall

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11
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic)

A

form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel’s plasma (blood/liquid)

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12
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

process results in net movement out of the capillary. The amount leaving is the process determined by Starling’s forces:

  1. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
  2. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
  3. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
  4. Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
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13
Q

Fluid exchange across the endothelium

A

*will be on the exam

  • Occurs through bulk flow
  • 4 factors play a role in fluid exchange:

The hydrostatic pressures in the capillary and interstitial fluids
The colloid osmotic pressures in the capillary and interstitial fluids

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14
Q

the lymphatic system consists of:

A

Lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue
Red bone marrow

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15
Q

the lymphatic system functions are:

A

Drain excess interstitial fluid
Transport dietary lipid
Carry out immune responses

Vessels begin as lymphatic capillaries
Closed at one end
Passes through lymph nodes
Encapsulated organs with masses and B & T cells
Unite to form rage lymphatic vessels

*one way system valves

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16
Q

Lymph formation

A
  • More fluid filters out of blood capillaries than returns to them by reabsorption
  • Excess filter fluid (about 3L/day) drains into lymphatic vessels and become lymph
  • Important function of lymphatic vessels to return lost plasma proteins to blood stream
17
Q

Edema

A
  • Swelling caused by too much fluid in the body’s tissue
  • Filtration exceeds that of reabsorption = edema occurs
  • Fluid that builds in the interstitial fluid returns to the circulation via lymphatic system
18
Q

edema causes

A
  • Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure: venous congestion
  • Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure: hypoproteinemia
  • Increased capillary permeability: toxin, hypoxia, allergy
19
Q

The endothelium secretes chemicals that

  • Increase cardiac output
  • Decrease heart rate
  • Inhibit platelet aggregation and control blood vessel diameter
  • Nourish the cells in the outer half of the blood vessel
A

Inhibit platelet aggregation and control blood vessel diameter

20
Q

Choose the correct statement:

  • For an artery and vein of the same diameter, the vein - has a thicker wall
  • Veins contain valves and arteries do not
  • Blood pressure is lower in arteries than in veins
  • When empty, an artery is more likely to be collapsed than a vein
A

Veins contain valves and arteries do not

21
Q

A continuous capillary has _____ but not _____.

  • Tight junctions; fenestrations
  • Intercellular clefts; tight junctions
  • Intercellular clefts; endothelial cells
  • Fenestrations; tight junctions
A

Intercellular clefts; tight junctions

22
Q

Which of these is not a function of the lymph nodes?

  • House lymphocytes and macrophages
  • Filter lymph
  • Produces red blood cells
  • Produce lymphocytes
A

produces red blood cells

23
Q

The walls of the lymphatic vessels are similar to those of cardiovascular_____.

  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
  • Distributing arteries
A

veins

24
Q

Lymph is prevented from flowing backwards by _____.

  • Blood pressure
  • Suction form the contracting lymph nodes
  • One-way valves
  • Cilia lining the lymphatic system
A

one-way valves

ANSC 451: physiology of animals (27 decks)

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