The Central Dogma 2A

Question 1

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology (2)

Answer 1

Universal information flow from DNA-Proteins in-order to convert genotype to phenotype

(info flow from genes to protein)

Question 2

Talk about transcription and translation in prokaryotes (2)

Answer 2

they both occur in cytoplasm and both processes can occur simultaneusly

translation occur even before transcription is done

Question 3

Talk about transcription and translation in eukaryotes

Answer 3

Transcription and processing of the precursor Mrna molecules occur in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm

Question 4

one gene one enzyme hypothesis

Answer 4

proposed by George Wells Beadle and and Edward Tatum in 1941, is the theory that each gene directly produces a single enzyme, which consequently affects an individual step in a metabolic pathway.

correct btw

Question 5

Garrod

Answer 5

studied a hereditary disease called Alkaptonuria where patients inherit a mutated gene coding for a defective enzyme resulting in abnormal cellular metabolism (black pee)

Question 6

mutating a gene encoding an enzyme would (3)

Answer 6

cause a block in the metabolic pathway and the organism can no longer synthesize the needed nutrient (auxotroph)

gene no longer work

Question 7

Genes encode for 2 types of rna

Answer 7

coding rna- codes for protein/polypeptide

noncoding rna- trna, rna, sırna

Question 8

information flow graphs arrow

Answer 8

arrow head=3’ end of gene

Question 9

information is contained in ___ nucleotide bases in dna or rna

Answer 9

4

Question 10

dna 3 letter code

Answer 10

triplet

Question 11

rna 3 letter code

Answer 11

codon

Question 12

genetic code is

*Not what it is

Answer 12

universal, same code in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses

Question 13

RNA synthesis (3)

Answer 13

only produced from one of the DNA strand (template)

the other dna strand is the non template strand or coding strand.

The template strand is always read from 3’-5’ direction by RNA polymerase/ mRNA is synthesized in the 5’-3’ direction

Question 14

RNA polymerase can only

Answer 14

add on the hydroxyl end

Question 15

which strand is similar to the RNA molecule?

Answer 15

the coding strand (one not being read)

Question 16

RNA is the same to the - end of the template dna

Answer 16

5’-3’

Question 17

translation and transcription occur in the

*not location
….orientation

Answer 17

same direction

Question 18

On chromosomal maps, genes are shown on the

Answer 18

coding strand

Question 19

integrase +end product (2)

Answer 19

cut open the DNA of host cell and helps integrate the dna of virus into dna of host cell

**combination of host cell and virus DNA

Question 20

reverse transcription steps: (7)

Answer 20

1. Fusion of the 2 membrane
2. rapidly makes a much more nuclease-resistant double-stranded DNA copy of the RNA template that later integrates to form the proviral DNA by using host nucleotides. Happens twice so its double stranded
3. integrate carries viral dna thru a nucleus pore cuts open host cell dna and combines virus dna with host (what establishes life long infection)
4. each time host cell transcribe, viral dna will be produced
5. Viral DNA will be translated by the ribosome in the host cell
6. Viral proteins that the cell create will assemble into immature viruses containing the protein stuff and rna strand it needs made by the host ribosomes
7. Buds off with the virus’s original surface protein attached since its still present on the cell surface in step 1 when the two mended
8. Protease cuts the proteins instead the new formed and detached virus to form a mature virus

Question 21

Reverse transcriptase (2)

Answer 21

convert RNA sequences to cDNA sequences that are capable of inserting into different areas of the genome with host nucleotides

makes a lot of error as they are not accurate

Question 22

Explain why scientists think RNA came first: (4)

Answer 22

RNA can act like an enzyme to self edit their own genetic code.

Single stranded RNA is rather unstable and can easily be damaged by enzymes. It make sense to have evolved into a more stable DNA.

Likely RNA is also able to store genetic info

it can also catalyze reactions