Medelian Inheritance (Textbook) 4A

Question 1

Artificial selection

Answer 1

The process of causing evolutionary change by human choice

Question 2

Environment factors that can acy as agents of selection: (4)

Answer 2

1. Limited food and habitat
2. Predation
3. Competition
4. Disease

Question 3

Indivgidual organisms —–evolve over their lifetime. The unit upon which evoltuion acts is the ——-, a group of interbredding individuals of a species that live together in a specific place.

Answer 3

do not
population

Question 4

Evolution depends on differential surivial and reproduction that comes from

Answer 4

1. variation among inidividuals in a population
2. heritabiliity of that variation

Question 5

Endemic species

Answer 5

Species that are found no where else on earth

Question 6

descent with modification

Answer 6

Multiple species share a common acestor divergong with time

Question 7

adaptations

Answer 7

The inherited aspects of an indvidual that make it wsell syuited to thrive in a particular environment

Question 8

Fitness (2)

+What does high fitness mean?

Answer 8

Reprodictive success
Higher fitness means more offsprings that survive to reproduce

Question 9

There are three aspects of fitness that are immportant to understand how evolution works (3):

Answer 9

1. Fitness is a relative concept, it doesnt matter in absolute terms how many offsprings an individual has, only that it leaves more than others in the population.
2. A trait is only adaptive if it increases fitness
3. The traits that increase fitness may change if environment changes

Question 10

Selective forces can lead to evolution only where

Answer 10

heritable variation leads to differential reproduction and surivival

Question 11

What gives rise to indiviiduals within a population to have different inherited traits?

Answer 11

Variation in DNA sequence

Question 12

Mutation (2)

+how do they arise? (4)

Answer 12

A random and heritable change in the DNA sequence

Can arise as an inevitable consequence of the imperfect nature of DNA replication as well as from effects of certain physical, chemical and biological agents

Question 13

Convergent evolution

Answer 13

The independent evolution of comparable traits in unrelated species such as the wings of isects, birds and bats

different organisms independently evolve similar traits.

Question 14

Give me an example of a convergent evolution of solutions to threats to survival:

Answer 14

Most insects cannot ingest cardenolides as they are toxic and block an essential transmembrane carrier: the sodium postassium pump. Insects from several distinct evolutionary lineages have independently acquired the ability to ingest cardenolids giving them acess to more food resources as well as a potential source of protection from predators as stored cardiac glycosides make insects distasteful. In at least 17 different insects there is a mutation that allows them to be able to eat plants containing cardenolides. These variations in gene sequence have arisen and been selected for independently in these individual species.

Question 15

Generation time

Answer 15

The average difference in age between a parent and its offspring

Question 16

Organisms with short generation time—–than those with longer generation times

Answer 16

evolve more rapidly

Question 17

What was Aristotle’s early contribution to evolution?

Answer 17

Created a ladder like classiffication of life. In this system, each organism on earth occupies a specific step on the ladder that leads from the non living world at the bottom and up through ever increasing levels of complexity. Humas are up the top of the ladder under angels and God.

Question 18

Carolus Linnaeus

+What did he introduce and how does it work?

Answer 18

Introduced the binomial species classification system. It groups similiar looking species together and organised into broader more includsive categories,

Question 19

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Answer 19

Put forth the idea that simple organisms evolved into complex ones. Microscopic organisms were replaced at the bottom of the ladder by spontaneous generation. Hypothesisezed that characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime can be passed on to future generations such asa giraffe inorder to reach leaves in treetops would grow a longer neck during its lifetime and pass it off to the offsprings.