The Cellular Basics of Activity Flashcards
What is cellular respiration? Write the formula. What is the main purpose of this reaction? Why is it so important?
The breakdown of food molecules (like carbs and fats) to release chemical energy in your body
C6H12O6+6O2—->6H2O+6CO2+ATP
Necessary for life
What are the two kinds of respiration? What is the difference between the two? Which makes the most energy?
Aerobic needs oxygen. Anaerobic no oxygen. Aerobic produces more energy
What are the 3 stages of aerobic respiration? What is the goal of aerobic respiration?
Glycolysis: get molecules smaller
Krebs Cycle: get energy out of food molecule
Electron Transport Chain: energy out of NADH into ATP
Where does glycolysis occur? What is required for this step? What is produced in this step?
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Oxygen is required
Produces CO2 and Energy
How many carbons are in glucose? Pyruvic acid? How many pyruvic acids are formed from one glucose? Did we break bonds? What do we get when we break bonds?
6C in one glucose
3C in one pyruvic acid
2 PA from one glucose
We broke bonds to get energy
Before we enter the next step what must happen to pyruvic acid? How many carbons in this new molecule? Did we gain or lose carbons? What is formed as a result? Did we break bonds? What do we get as a result?
Pa has to get smaller
Acetyl has 2C
We lost carbons and got CO2 to dump C
There are 2 carbons in each molecule. We lose carbons while breaking bonds and releasing energy
Where does the Krebs cycle take place? What is required for this step? What is produced?
Occurs in mitochondria
Requires acetyl from glycolysis
Produces ATP and NADH
Main job of the Krebs Cycle:
to break down carbon bonds to get energy out and store NADH and ATP
Why is NADH so important? Are they usable by the cell? What must happen to them?
Stores lots of energy—-> Not usable by cells —–> Must be broken and energy restored in ATP
Why is the electron transport chain so important?
It gets energy out of NADH and stores it in ATP. H bonds with O2 to form H2O
Where does electron transport chain occur? What is required? What is produced?
Occurs in the mitochondria
Requires ADP, P, O2
Produces ATP and water
Why is oxygen so important in the electron transport chain? What if it is not available? What will happen in human muscle tissue?
To get rid of it. It won’t work. If there is not oxygen lactic acid builds up.
What happens to the molecules of ATP that are produced in respiration?
It is used by cells or stored
Explain how facts and proteins can be used in this process.
It will work differently because there are different chemistry
Why is it risky to use proteins as a source of energy?
There are no resources for biosynthesis
Using the information we learned give one reason consuming too much fat is hazardous to your health
It makes 2x the energy and if it is not used it leads to weight gain
What are the two types of anaerobic respiration? How does this process differ from aerobic respiration?
Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. They do not use oxygen but produce less energy
If so little energy from glucose is formed into ATP, where is the rest of the energy? (where is it stored?)
Stored in the lactic acid and alcohol
What is photosynthesis? Write out the chemical formula. Where does this take place? Where is the energy stored?
Trapping energy from the sun in glucose.
CO2+H2O+Energy——>C6H12O6+O2
Energy is stored in glucose
Is sunlight truly white? Explain. How do colors of light differ from one another?
Sunlight is not truly white because it contains all colors.
They differ because of the different wavelengths
Explain why we see particular colors.
We see particular colors because the pigments they have in them are reflected while all others are absorbed
How do red plants photosynthesize?
Colored plants absorb different wavelengths and transfer their energy to chlorophyll to assist in photosynthesis
What kind of organisms photosynthesize? Do these organisms also do cellular respiration?
Plants photosynthesize. They can do cellular respiration as well.
Why are plants considered the bottom of the food chain?
Because all other organisms use them for their energy
Show and describe the 3 parts of a chloroplast
Thylakoids: inner membrane system
Grana: stacks of thylakoids
Stroma: fluids surrounding thylakoids
What are the pigments called? Where are they? Why are they not found in the roots of plants?
Chlorophyll A&B. They are located in the thylakoids. The roots don’t get sunlight
What are 2 stages of photosynthesis? What is the overall job of each stage?
Light reaction absorbs light energy and converts it to chemical energy (ATP&NADH). Calvin cycle (Dark Reaction) takes in chemical energy (ATP&NADH) and stores the energy in the bonds of glucose
Where does the first stage occur? What is required? What is produced?
Occurs in the thylakoids
Requires light and water
Produces oxygen, ATP, and NADPH
What happens to the chlorophyll when light hits it? How does this help form energy?
Electrons move faster and make it want to bond
Energy is stored in the bonds
What other in of energy is made in the light reaction? Explains how this happens.
Chemical energy
What molecules are sent to the second stage of photosynthesis? Why? What is sent to the atmosphere?
ATP and NADPH are sent to carry the energy to put in the glucose. O2 released into the atmosphere
What is the second stage of photosynthesis? Where does it occur? What is required? What is produced?
The Calvin cycle (Dark Reaction) occurs in the stoma
Requires CO2, ATP, NADPH
Produces glucose
What happens to the extra glucose produced by plants?
It is stored
How are the light reaction and Calvin cycle related?
Both produce chemical energy
Would a green light bulb make a good grow light? Explain
No, green plants will reflect green wavelengths
Explain why it might be beneficial for a plant to have more than one pigment in its leaves
So it can take advantage of more wavelengths of light.
Move light absorption——>More glucose
Consider photosynthesis and respiration and their impact on all life forms. What is the ultimate source of energy in all living things? What is the source of carbon atoms in organic matter?
The ultimate source of energy is sunlight for all living things. Carbon dioxide is a source of carbon in plants. Plants are all a source of carbon in the heterotrophs
What do we call organisms that make their own food? What do we call organisms that don’t?
Autotrophs make their own food
Heterotrophs don’t
What happens in order to release energy from ATP?
You must break the bonds. The phosphate has to be pulled off
In order to perform cellular respiration you and other animals must have a ready supply of what?
Oxygen and Glucose
